Abstract
The increasing demand for a high and homogeneous technological quality of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) points out the necessity of improving wheat with by a higher protein (GPC) and gluten content, strength of dough (W) and dough stability. Among the current crop practices, late-season nitrogen (N) fertilization, from heading to flowering, is generally considered the practice that has the most effects on the storage proteins and technological quality of the grain. In order to explore the influence late-season N application can have on the dough properties and on the formation of homogeneous lots in more detail, a research was set up between 2007 and 2013, over 6 growing seasons at different sites in North West Italy using the Bologna cultivar in each of the trials. Three different late-season N fertilization strategies were compared: T1, control without a late distribution of N; T2, foliar N fertilization at flowering; T3, top-dress granular soil fertilization at the beginning of heading. A randomized complete block experimental design with four replicates was adopted. The grain yield, GPC, W and P/L indexes were analyzed. Moreover, the rheological and enzymatic properties of the samples were studied using a Mixolab® analyser (Chòpin Technologies, Paris, France). Grain yield was found to be unaffected by the fertilization treatments, while the late N application (T2, T3) significantly increased GPC. Only the granular N fertilization (T3) increased the W index compared to T1, while the P/L index was not affected by any of the fertilization strategies. Furthermore, the T3 strategy was always more effective in reducing the variability of the W index than the T2 and the T1 strategies. Water absorption and dough development time were higher in T3, than in T1, while intermediate results were reached for T2. The effect of late-season N fertilization was also significant on the starch behaviour of the dough, as an increase in starch gelatinization and retrogradation was observed. In short, the top-dress granular N fertilizer applied at the beginning of heading (T3) led to a more constant increase in GPC and flour rheological quality than the foliar application. Moreover, the adoption of this fertilization strategy resulted in a reduction in qualitative variability under different environmental and soil conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of common wheat was unaffected by the late-season nitrogen fertilization treatments.
- Taxon
- Common Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Bolognae1
- Treatment
- late-season N fertilization strategiese0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- unaffectede2
- Comparator
- control without a late distribution of Ne0
- Setting
- different sites in North West Italye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e0“Three different late-season N fertilization strategies were compared: T1, control without a late distribution of N; T2, foliar N fertilization at flowering; T3, top-dress granular soil fertilization at the beginning of heading”
e1“a research was set up between 2007 and 2013, over 6 growing seasons at different sites in North West Italy using the Bologna cultivar in each of the trials”
e2“Grain yield was found to be unaffected by the fertilization treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Late N application (T2, T3) significantly increased GPC of common wheat relative to the control without late N.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late N application (T2, T3)e3
- Outcome
- GPCe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- control without a late distribution of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e0“Three different late-season N fertilization strategies were compared: T1, control without a late distribution of N; T2, foliar N fertilization at flowering; T3, top-dress granular soil fertilization at the beginning of heading”
e3“while the late N application (T2, T3) significantly increased GPC”
Claim · model-written summary
Only granular N fertilization at T3 increased the W index of common wheat compared with T1.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- granular N fertilization (T3)e4
- Outcome
- W indexe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- T1e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e4“Only the granular N fertilization (T3) increased the W index compared to T1”
Claim · model-written summary
The P/L index of common wheat was not affected by any of the late-season nitrogen fertilization strategies.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization strategiese5
- Outcome
- P/L indexe5
- Direction
- not affectede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e5“while the P/L index was not affected by any of the fertilization strategies”
Claim · model-written summary
The T3 strategy reduced the variability of the W index more effectively than the T2 and T1 strategies.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the T3 strategye6
- Outcome
- variability of the W indexe6
- Direction
- more effective in reducinge6
- Comparator
- the T2 and the T1 strategiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e6“the T3 strategy was always more effective in reducing the variability of the W index than the T2 and the T1 strategies”
Claim · model-written summary
Water absorption and dough development time of common wheat were higher with T3 than with T1, with T2 intermediate.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T3e7
- Outcome
- Water absorption and dough development timee7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- T1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e7“Water absorption and dough development time were higher in T3, than in T1, while intermediate results were reached for T2”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season nitrogen fertilization increased starch gelatinization and retrogradation of the dough of common wheat.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- late-season N fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- starch gelatinization and retrogradatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e1“The effect of late-season N fertilization was also significant on the starch behaviour of the dough, as an increase in starch gelatinization and retrogradation was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Top-dress granular N applied at the beginning of heading led to a more constant increase in GPC and flour rheological quality of common wheat than foliar application.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- top-dress granular N fertilizer applied at the beginning of heading (T3)e1
- Outcome
- GPC and flour rheological qualitye1
- Direction
- more constant increasee1
- Comparator
- foliar applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e1“the top-dress granular N fertilizer applied at the beginning of heading (T3) led to a more constant increase in GPC and flour rheological quality than the foliar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Adopting the granular top-dress strategy reduced the qualitative variability of common wheat under different environmental and soil conditions.
- Taxon
- Common WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- this fertilization strategye1
- Outcome
- qualitative variabilitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Setting
- different environmental and soil conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Common Wheat”
e1“the adoption of this fertilization strategy resulted in a reduction in qualitative variability under different environmental and soil conditions”
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