Abstract
Our objective was to determine the combined effect of some plant growth regulators and nitrogen (N) on corn growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. A potted experiment was conducted with two levels of growth regulators [i.e. with or without treatment with Seed king (Kinetine), Root king (Indole-butyric acid) and More king (Chitosan)], two maize cultivars (Calabar White and Obatanpa-98 and three nitrogen rates (0, 90 and 180 kg/ha in the form of urea). The measured parameters were growth attributes, nitrogen uptake, dry matter yield, harvest-index, shoot to root ratio, yield attributes and agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm2) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing. The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates but the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter. The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter. There was a considerable (P ≤ 0.05) increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators and Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%). Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant) but for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate. The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages. Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest. Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg−1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg−1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg−1). The physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg). Thus, both cultivars treated with 90 kgN/ha with or without growth regulators would best optimize nitrogen fertilizer use. However, the growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied. In contrast, they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate. Thus, under the low input cropping common with Calabar White, treatment with the growth regulators would boost yield. A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Calabar White had taller plants than Obatanpa-98 at six weeks.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Material
- Calabar Whitee0
- Outcome
- taller plantse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Value
- 154.53 cme0
- Comparator
- obatanpa-98e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm2) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Calabar White had more leaves than Obatanpa-98.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Calabar Whitee0
- Outcome
- more leavese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 12.00e0
- Comparator
- obatanpa-98e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm2) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Calabar White had larger leaf area than Obatanpa-98.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Calabar Whitee0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 466.98 cm2e0
- Comparator
- obatanpa-98e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm2) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and stem dry matter yield increased with nitrogen rate.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- increasing N ratese0
- Outcome
- dry matter yield of both leaf and steme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators increased leaf dry matter.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- leaf dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulator and nitrogen interaction affected leaf dry matter but not stem dry matter.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- growth regulators and nitrogene0
- Outcome
- leaf dry matter but not the stem dry mattere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index increased at 90 kg/ha nitrogen with growth regulators.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- harvest-indexe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Obatanpa-98 had higher harvest index than Calabar White.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 30.81%e0
- Qualifier
- 27.41%e0
- Comparator
- Calabar Whitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Obatanpa-98 had higher grain yield than Calabar White.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa 98e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 87.42 g/plante0
- Qualifier
- 65.40 g/plante0
- Comparator
- Calabar Whitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield increased with nitrogen rate in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- increasing N ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake differed among leaves, stems and grains across growth stages.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Calabar White had highest leaf and stem nitrogen uptake at silking and harvest.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Calabar Whitee0
- Organ / stage
- silking or at harveste0
- Outcome
- N uptake in the leaves and steme0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Obatanpa-98 partitioned more nitrogen to grain than Calabar White.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Outcome
- N to the grainse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Calabar Whitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency was highest at 90 kg/ha nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 90 kg/ha N ratee0
- Outcome
- Agronomic nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 21.31 gg−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg−1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Obatanpa-98 had greater agronomic nitrogen use efficiency than Calabar White.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Outcome
- ANUEe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 20.26 gg−1e0
- Qualifier
- 15.94 gg−1e0
- Comparator
- Calabar Whitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg−1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg−1)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological nitrogen use efficiency was highest at 90 kg/ha nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 90 kg/ha N ratee0
- Outcome
- physiological nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.14 g/kge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Obatanpa-98 had higher physiological nitrogen use efficiency than Calabar White.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Outcome
- more efficiente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 8.08 gkge0
- Qualifier
- 6.26 g/kge0
- Comparator
- Calabar Whitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators increased Calabar White yield only without nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Calabar Whitee0
- Treatment
- growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- only when no N was appliede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth regulators increased Obatanpa-98 yield at all nitrogen rates, especially 180 kgN/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Treatment
- all N ratese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- especially at the 180 kgN/ha ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 180 kg N/ha with growth regulators for best Obatanpa-98 yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- Obatanpa-98e0
- Treatment
- 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- best yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98”
t0“corn”
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