Abstract
Taking a nine-year-old Fuji apple orchard in Loess Plateau as test object, this paper studied the effects of different patterns surface mulching (clean tillage, grass cover, plastic film mulch, straw mulch, and gravel mulch) on the soil properties and fruit trees growth and yield in this orchard. Grass cover induced the lowest differentiation of soil moisture profile, while gravel mulch induced the highest one. In treatment gravel mulch, the soil moisture content in apple trees root zone was the highest, which meant that there was more water available to apple trees. Surface mulching had significant effects on soil temperature, and generally resulted in a decrease in the maximum soil temperature. The exception was treatment plastic film mulch, in which, the soil temperature in summer exceeded the maximum allowable temperature for continuous root growth and physiological function. With the exception of treatment plastic film mulch, surface mulching increased the soil CO2 flux, which was the highest in treatment grass cover. Surface mulching also affected the proportion of various branch types and fruit yield. The proportion of medium-sized branches and fruit yield were the highest in treatment gravel mulch, while the fruit yield was the lowest in treatment grass cover. Factor analysis indicated that among the test surface mulching patterns, gravel mulch was most suitable for the apple orchards in gully region of Loess Plateau.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Gravel mulch gave the highest soil moisture content in the apple tree root zone.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- gravel mulche2
- Outcome
- soil moisture content in apple trees root zonee2
- Direction
- the higheste2
- Setting
- Loess Plateaue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e0“Taking a nine-year-old Fuji apple orchard in Loess Plateau as test object”
e2“In treatment gravel mulch, the soil moisture content in apple trees root zone was the highest”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass cover induced the lowest differentiation of the soil moisture profile.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Grass covere1
- Outcome
- differentiation of soil moisture profilee1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e1“Grass cover induced the lowest differentiation of soil moisture profile, while gravel mulch induced the highest one”
Claim · model-written summary
Gravel mulch induced the highest differentiation of the soil moisture profile.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- gravel mulche1
- Outcome
- differentiation of soil moisture profilee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e1“Grass cover induced the lowest differentiation of soil moisture profile, while gravel mulch induced the highest one”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface mulching had significant effects on soil temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Surface mulchinge3
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee3
- Direction
- significant effectse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e3“Surface mulching had significant effects on soil temperature, and generally resulted in a decrease in the maximum soil temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface mulching generally decreased the maximum soil temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Surface mulchinge3
- Outcome
- maximum soil temperaturee3
- Direction
- a decreasee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e3“Surface mulching had significant effects on soil temperature, and generally resulted in a decrease in the maximum soil temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film mulch let summer soil temperature exceed the maximum allowable temperature for continuous root growth and physiological function.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- plastic film mulche4
- Outcome
- soil temperature in summere4
- Direction
- exceedede4
- Qualifier
- the maximum allowable temperature for continuous root growth and physiological functione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e4“The exception was treatment plastic film mulch, in which, the soil temperature in summer exceeded the maximum allowable temperature for continuous root growth and physiological function”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface mulching, other than plastic film mulch, increased soil CO2 flux.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Surface mulchinge5
- Outcome
- soil CO2 fluxe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- With the exception of treatment plastic film mulche5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e5“With the exception of treatment plastic film mulch, surface mulching increased the soil CO2 flux, which was the highest in treatment grass cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass cover gave the highest soil CO2 flux.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- grass covere5
- Outcome
- soil CO2 fluxe5
- Direction
- the higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e5“With the exception of treatment plastic film mulch, surface mulching increased the soil CO2 flux, which was the highest in treatment grass cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Gravel mulch gave the highest proportion of medium-sized branches and fruit yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- gravel mulche6
- Outcome
- The proportion of medium-sized branches and fruit yielde6
- Direction
- the higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e6“The proportion of medium-sized branches and fruit yield were the highest in treatment gravel mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass cover gave the lowest fruit yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- grass covere7
- Outcome
- fruit yielde7
- Direction
- the loweste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e7“while the fruit yield was the lowest in treatment grass cover”
Claim · model-written summary
Gravel mulch is the most suitable surface mulch for apple orchards in the gully region of the Loess Plateau.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- gravel mulche1
- Outcome
- most suitable for the apple orchards in gully region of Loess Plateaue1
- Setting
- gully region of Loess Plateaue1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple orchard”
e1“Factor analysis indicated that among the test surface mulching patterns, gravel mulch was most suitable for the apple orchards in gully region of Loess Plateau”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.