Abstract
In a 4-year study in a whole-field sanitized organic apple orchard, the effectiveness of nine fungicide treatments, including potassium mono- and bicarbonate and their combinations with wettable sulfur, were evaluated for scab and powdery mildew control on two cultivars with different susceptibility to scab and powdery mildew, under two pruning treatments. The whole-field sanitation practice was performed by removal of infected fallen leaves. Treatment effects on phytotoxicity and yield were also determined. Pruning significantly reduced leaf scab incidence but only on the more scab-susceptible Idared. Pruning significantly reduced mildew incidence in most years and on both cultivars but the more mildew-susceptible Jonathan showed significantly higher mildew incidence than Idared. Among products approved for organic production, the best scab control was achieved with a potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatment combined with wettable sulfur, except for Jonathan in 2011 on leaf and in 2014 on both leaf and fruit, and for Idared in 2013 on fruit. The best mildew control was also achieved with potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur, with exceptions on shoots of Idared in 2011 and 2013 and on fruit of Idared in 2012. Leaf phytotoxicity was significantly higher in all potassium carbonate treatments compared with untreated plots, except for Idared in 2012, while fruit russet in these treatments did not differ significantly from the untreated plots. However, phytotoxicity values of all carbonate treatments were significantly lower than the lime sulfur treatment in most years on both cultivars. Yield of the potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur was significantly higher than the untreated plots in the pruned treatments for both cultivars in all years. The integrated control approach designed for organic disease management against the two pathogens is discussed.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning significantly reduced leaf scab incidence in Idared.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Idarede0
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Interactor
- Scabt0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf scab incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning significantly reduced leaf scab incidence but only on the more scab-susceptible Idared.”
t0“Apple Scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning significantly reduced mildew incidence in most years on both cultivars.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Pruninge0
- Interactor
- Powdery Mildewt0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- in most years and on both cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pruning significantly reduced mildew incidence in most years and on both cultivars”
t0“Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew”
Claim · model-written summary
Jonathan had significantly higher mildew incidence than Idared.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonathane0
- Interactor
- Powdery Mildewt0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew incidencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Idarede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the more mildew-susceptible Jonathan showed significantly higher mildew incidence than Idared.”
t0“Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium mono- or bicarbonate with wettable sulfur gave the best scab control, with specified cultivar year organ exceptions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatment combined with wettable sulfure0
- Interactor
- Scabt0pathogen
- Outcome
- scab controle0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- except for Jonathan in 2011 on leaf and in 2014 on both leaf and fruit, and for Idared in 2013 on fruite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best scab control was achieved with a potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatment combined with wettable sulfur, except for Jonathan in 2011 on leaf and in 2014 on both leaf and fruit, and for Idared in 2013 on fruit.”
t0“Apple Scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium mono- or bicarbonate with wettable sulfur gave the best mildew control, with specified Idared exceptions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfure0
- Interactor
- Powdery Mildewt0pathogen
- Outcome
- mildew controle0
- Direction
- beste0
- Qualifier
- with exceptions on shoots of Idared in 2011 and 2013 and on fruit of Idared in 2012e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best mildew control was also achieved with potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur, with exceptions on shoots of Idared in 2011 and 2013 and on fruit of Idared in 2012.”
t0“Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium carbonate treatments generally caused significantly more leaf phytotoxicity than untreated plots.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium carbonate treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Leaf phytotoxicitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except for Idared in 2012e0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf phytotoxicity was significantly higher in all potassium carbonate treatments compared with untreated plots, except for Idared in 2012”
t0“Organic Apple Orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit russet under potassium carbonate did not differ significantly from untreated plots.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Potassium Carbonatest0
- Outcome
- fruit russete0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit russet in these treatments did not differ significantly from the untreated plots.”
t0“Apple Scab and Powdery Mildew in an Organic Apple Orchard by Combining Potassium Carbonates”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbonate treatments caused significantly less phytotoxicity than lime sulfur in most years on both cultivars.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbonate treatmentse0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicity valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- in most years on both cultivarse0
- Comparator
- lime sulfur treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytotoxicity values of all carbonate treatments were significantly lower than the lime sulfur treatment in most years on both cultivars.”
t0“Organic Apple Orchard”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruned trees receiving potassium mono- or bicarbonate with sulfur had significantly higher yield than untreated plots in both cultivars in all years.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfure0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in the pruned treatments for both cultivars in all yearse0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield of the potassium mono- or bicarbonate treatments combined with wettable sulfur was significantly higher than the untreated plots in the pruned treatments for both cultivars in all years.”
t0“Organic Apple Orchard”
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See all 26 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.