Abstract
Either CO2 enrichment or nitrogen(N) application influences growth and development of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).The effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on the photosynthetic area of source organs(green leaves,stem sheath,spike and awns),grain number and weight per spike,and grain-leaf ratio of winter wheat at heading stage were investigated in this study.The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials in 2008—2009.Wheat plants were grown under different treatments of two CO2 concentrations(375 μL.L 1 and 750 μL.L 1) and three nitrogen application levels [0,0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil) and 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)].The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width,stem node length and diameter,spike length and width,awn length.The photosynthetic area,grain number and weight per spike,and grain-leaf ratio of wheat were also enhanced under nitrogen application.Compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1),elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length,photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awn(P 0.05);but it insignificantly affected leaf width,stem node diameter and spike area(P 0.05).CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22 by 8.1%~15.1% and 2.8%~13.2%,respectively,with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil).Under three nitrogen levels,CO 2 enrichment increased spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf area in varying degrees.The grain number-leaf area ratio of two varieties increased most obviously under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) and 0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil),with 44.2% and 41.4% increments compared with the ambient CO 2 concentration.Moreover,high CO 2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application,but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application.The awn area was only 3% of the total photosynthetic area,greatly smaller than those of other resources organs.It suggested that CO 2 enrichment enlarge the photosynthetic area of wheat mainly through elongating leaves and stem.It improved the relationship between sources and sink to increase sink number and mater translocation captivity per unit leaf area simultaneously.Nitrogen addition would promote the response of wheat source and sink growth to CO 2 enrichment.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- leaf length and widthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e1“nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width, stem node length and diameter, spike length and width, awn length”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased stem node length and diameter of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- stem node length and diametere1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e1“nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width, stem node length and diameter, spike length and width, awn length”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased spike length and width and awn length of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- spike length and width, awn lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e1“nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width, stem node length and diameter, spike length and width, awn length”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application enhanced the photosynthetic area of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic areae3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e3“The photosynthetic area,grain number and weight per spike,and grain-leaf ratio of wheat were also enhanced under nitrogen application”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application enhanced grain number and weight per spike and grain-leaf ratio of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione3
- Outcome
- grain number and weight per spike,and grain-leaf ratioe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e3“The photosynthetic area,grain number and weight per spike,and grain-leaf ratio of wheat were also enhanced under nitrogen application”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 positively influenced leaf and stem node length of winter wheat compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1)e4
- Outcome
- leaf and stem node lengthe4
- Direction
- positively influencede4
- Comparator
- ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)e4
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e4“Compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1),elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length,photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awn”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 positively influenced photosynthetic area of leaf, stem node and awn of winter wheat compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22e2
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1)e4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awne4
- Direction
- positively influencede4
- Comparator
- ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)e4
- Setting
- open top chambers(OTCs)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e4“Compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1),elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length,photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awn”
e2“The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers(OTCs) with two wheat varieties,Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22,as materials”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 6 by 8.1%~15.1% relative to ambient CO2, with the largest change under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 6e5
- Treatment
- CO2 concentration elevatione5
- Outcome
- photosynthetic area per steme5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 8.1%~15.1%e5
- Qualifier
- with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)e5
- Comparator
- ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e5“CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22 by 8.1%~15.1% and 2.8%~13.2%,respectively,with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)”
e4“Compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1),elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length,photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awn”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 22 by 2.8%~13.2% relative to ambient CO2, with the largest change under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Xiaoyan 22e5
- Treatment
- CO2 concentration elevatione5
- Outcome
- photosynthetic area per steme5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 2.8%~13.2%e5
- Qualifier
- with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)e5
- Comparator
- ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e5“CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of Xiaoyan 6 and Xiaoyan 22 by 8.1%~15.1% and 2.8%~13.2%,respectively,with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)”
e4“Compared with ambient CO2 concentration(375 μL.L 1),elevated CO2 concentration(750 μL.L 1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length,photosynthetic area of leaf,stem node and awn”
Claim · model-written summary
Under three nitrogen levels, CO2 enrichment increased spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf area of winter wheat in varying degrees.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente7
- Outcome
- spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf areae7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- in varying degreese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e7“Under three nitrogen levels,CO 2 enrichment increased spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf area in varying degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no nitrogen application, high CO2 reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high CO 2 concentratione6
- Outcome
- spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf areae6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Qualifier
- under no nitrogen applicatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“high CO 2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application,but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application”
Claim · model-written summary
Under nitrogen application, high CO2 raised spike grain weight of winter wheat by 43.6% on average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high CO 2 concentratione6
- Outcome
- spike grain weighte6
- Direction
- raisede6
- Value
- 43.6%e6
- Qualifier
- averagely under nitrogen applicatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“high CO 2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application,but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application”
Claim · model-written summary
Under nitrogen application, high CO2 raised the ratio of grain weight-leaf area of winter wheat by 20.7% on average.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high CO 2 concentratione6
- Outcome
- the ratio of grain weight-leaf areae6
- Direction
- raisede6
- Value
- 20.7%e6
- Qualifier
- averagely under nitrogen applicatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“high CO 2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application,but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen, the grain number-leaf area ratio of winter wheat increased most obviously, by 44.2% compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil)e7
- Outcome
- grain number-leaf area ratioe7
- Direction
- increased most obviouslye7
- Value
- 44.2%e7
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentratione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e7“The grain number-leaf area ratio of two varieties increased most obviously under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) and 0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil),with 44.2% and 41.4% increments compared with the ambient CO 2 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil) nitrogen, the grain number-leaf area ratio of winter wheat increased most obviously, by 41.4% compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil)e7
- Outcome
- grain number-leaf area ratioe7
- Direction
- increased most obviouslye7
- Value
- 41.4%e7
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentratione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e7“The grain number-leaf area ratio of two varieties increased most obviously under 0.30 g(N).kg 1(soil) and 0.15 g(N).kg 1(soil),with 44.2% and 41.4% increments compared with the ambient CO 2 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
The awn area of winter wheat was only 3% of the total photosynthetic area, much smaller than other source organs.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- awne0
- Outcome
- awn areae0
- Value
- 3%e0
- Qualifier
- greatly smaller than those of other resources organse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The awn area was only 3% of the total photosynthetic area,greatly smaller than those of other resources organs”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment is suggested to enlarge the photosynthetic area of wheat mainly through elongating leaves and stem.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- CO 2 enrichmente1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic areae1
- Qualifier
- mainly through elongating leaves and steme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It suggested that CO 2 enrichment enlarge the photosynthetic area of wheat mainly through elongating leaves and stem”
Claim · model-written summary
CO2 enrichment is suggested to improve the source-sink relationship of winter wheat, increasing sink number and assimilate translocation capacity per unit leaf area simultaneously.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- sink number and mater translocation captivity per unit leaf areae2
- Qualifier
- improved the relationship between sources and sinke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e2“It improved the relationship between sources and sink to increase sink number and mater translocation captivity per unit leaf area simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen addition is expected to promote the response of wheat source and sink growth to CO2 enrichment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- Nitrogen additione3
- Outcome
- source and sink growthe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Nitrogen addition would promote the response of wheat source and sink growth to CO 2 enrichment”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.