Abstract
Aluminum(Al) toxicity is a serious agricultural problem in acid-soil area that is 40% of the arable land in the world.Aluminum toxicity can inhibit root growth and the uptake of water and nutrients,and ultimately result in production loss.However,some crop cultivars have been selected and bred to avoid or tolerate Al toxicity with specific biochemical mechanisms,of which organic acids play an important role.The inhibitory effect of Al on root elongation in many plants is alleviated by hydroponic culture with organic acids.However,there is little information about the physiological mechanism of the alleviation.In present study,buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) was used to investigate the detoxification role of exogenous organic acids for aluminum.Buckwheat seedlings were cultured in nutrient solution with 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and different concentrations(0.2,0.4,0.8 and 1.2 mmol·L~(-1)) of exogenous organic acids(oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid).The seedlings were used to determine the morphological characteristics,root activity,malondialdehyde(MDA) content,peroxidase activity in leaves,electrolyte leakage of leaf cells and the distribution of aluminum in buckwheat plants.The results indicated that the 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al).The application of different concentrations of exogenous organic acids could alleviate the above inhibitory effect of Al.Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3).With the increase of concentrations of exogenous organic acids,above indices were increased and MDA content and electrolyte leakage decreased.Al content in buckwheat plants especially in leaves was decreased by exogenous organic acids also.Compared with 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment,in other treatments,the decrease of Al content was significantly(P0.05) in leaves,while a little in stems affected by exogenous organic acid added.Al content in roots was significantly((P0.05)) decreased in the treatments with 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid and 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) citric acid,and less changes in other treatments(Fig.2).It was suggested that the organic acids might combine Al located in rhizosphere soil and in plants,therefore reduce the content and the toxicity of Al.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium at 0.4 mmol/L restrained total root elongation of buckwheat by 57.2% relative to the Al-free control.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium at 0.4 mmol/L decreased root activity of buckwheat by 74.7% relative to the Al-free control.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminium at 0.4 mmol/L increased electrolyte leakage of buckwheat leaf cells by 54.4% relative to the Al-free control.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous organic acids alleviated the inhibitory effect of Al on buckwheat.
- Taxon
- buckwheate0
- Treatment
- exogenous organic acidse1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effect of Ale1
- Direction
- alleviatee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e1“application of different concentrations of exogenous organic acids could alleviate the above inhibitory effect of Al”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al increased total root length by 16.2% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al increased total root length by 19.3% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al increased total root length by 2.4% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al promoted root activity by 35.4% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al promoted root activity by 176% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al promoted root activity by 123% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al reduced electrolyte leakage of leaf cells by 26.1% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al reduced electrolyte leakage of leaf cells by 32.3% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid at 0.2 mmol/L with 0.4 mmol/L Al reduced electrolyte leakage of leaf cells by 31.5% relative to Al alone.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e2“Compared with the treatment of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al without organic acids,in the treatments of 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al and 0.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid,citric acid and malic acid,the total root length was increased by 16.2%,19.3% and 2.4%(Table 2),root activity promoted by 35.4%,176% and 123%(Fig.1),electrolyte leakage of leaf cells reduced by 26.1%,32.3% and 31.5% respectively(Table 3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing concentrations of exogenous organic acids decreased MDA content and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- buckwheate0
- Treatment
- exogenous organic acidse3
- Outcome
- MDA content and electrolyte leakagee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e3“With the increase of concentrations of exogenous organic acids, above indices were increased and MDA content and electrolyte leakage decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing concentrations of exogenous organic acids increased the above indices of buckwheat.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e3“With the increase of concentrations of exogenous organic acids, above indices were increased and MDA content and electrolyte leakage decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous organic acids decreased Al content in buckwheat plants, especially in leaves.
- Taxon
- buckwheate4
- Treatment
- exogenous organic acidse4
- Outcome
- Al content in buckwheat plants especially in leavese4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Al content in buckwheat plants especially in leaves was decreased by exogenous organic acids also”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1.2 mmol/L oxalic and citric acid treatments significantly decreased Al content in roots.
- Taxon
- buckwheate0
- Treatment
- 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid and 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) citric acide5
- Outcome
- Al content in rootse5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Qualifier
- P0.05e5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e5“Al content in roots was significantly((P0.05)) decreased in the treatments with 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) oxalic acid and 1.2 mmol·L~(-1) citric acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with 0.4 mmol/L Al alone, organic acids decreased Al content significantly in leaves and only a little in stems.
Verbatim
e0“0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment had a significant toxic effect on buckwheat seedlings,the total root elongation was restrained by 57.2%,the root activity decreased by 74.7%,and the electrolyte leakage of leaf cells increased by 54.4% as compared with the control(0 mmol·L~(-1) Al)”
e6“Compared with 0.4 mmol·L~(-1) Al treatment,in other treatments,the decrease of Al content was significantly(P0.05) in leaves,while a little in stems affected by exogenous organic acid added”
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citric acid · physiology: oxidative · Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat)Results agree
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malic acid · physiology: oxidative · Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat)Results agree
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citric acid · molecular: metabolites · Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.