Abstract
Rice is a heavy consumer of fresh water and approximately 60% of the fresh water is used for rice production.Traditional lowland rice with continuous flooding requires relatively high water inputs and its sustainability is threatened by the increase of water shortage.In recent years,water-saving rice production techniques have been developed in China and in other water-limited environments,including alternating wetting and drying(AWD),aerobic rice,and ground-cover rice production systems(GCRPS),also called plastic film mulched dryland rice. GCRPS is a promising new production technology to grow rice using less water,it has been reported to save up to 60% of the water usually needed growing paddy rice without causing any significant reduction in grain yields.Field experiments with three treatments,upland rice cultivation without mulching(UC),upland cultivation with film mulching(FM),traditional paddy rice cultivation(CK) in two seasons were carried out to study the effects of rice mulching cultivation on root and leaf traits,soil nutrient content and microbial activities.All plots were enclosed by isolating dams of 50 cm width and 15 cm height to assure independent hydrological conditions.Except traditional paddy rice production(CK),the rice field were irrigated only at the time when the rice was sensitive to water stress i.e.one week after transplanting,panicle illumination and heading.Dynamic changes of soil chemical properties and soil enzyme activities were monitored at tillering,heading and ripening stage by collecting soil samples from rhizosphere.The results indicated that film mulching(FM) could increase soil temperature by 1-3℃ than UC and CK treatments,total root length and specific root length at heading stage were also increased compared to UC treatment.Water potential of flag leaf and the second lower leaf of the rice plant was in the decreasing order: CKFMUC.There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content of leaf at tillering stage among the three treatments.However,film mulching treatment(FM) significantly increased chlorophyll contents of leaf by 29.4% and 15.2% at heading stage and 74.4% and 38.9% at ripening stage compared to UC and CK treatment respectively.In comparison with UC treatment,FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season,there was no significant yield difference between FM treatment and CK treatment.Film mulching did not cause changes in soil nutrient content except that total P,available N occasionally increased at tillering stage.However,soil fertility index especially total P,available P and available K were decreased by 25.9%,31.9%,16.2% respectively than CK treatment at heading stage,there was no obvious difference of soil fertility among UC,FM and CK treatments except for effective N content at ripening.Compared to CK treatment,,FM treatment could increase the amount of soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes by 2 to 5 folds,increase soil enzyme activity at tillering,heading and ripening stage,especially sucrase activity by 42.8%,28.8% and 69.9%,catalase activity by 13.8%,81.3%,17.4% respectively.The above results suggest that film mulching could improve the water utilization efficiency in rice production.It could also enhance the release of soil nutrient and increase decomposition of soil organic matter through increasing the amount of soil microbes and soil enzyme activity,which increased the availability of nutrient elements for rice plants.However,soil nutrient deficiency in the late stage of rice growth may be a problem for upland rice cultivation under film mulching treatment(FM).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Film mulching increased soil temperature by 1-3℃ against UC and CK.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- film mulching(FM)e0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1-3℃e0
- Comparator
- UC and CK treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching(FM) could increase soil temperature by 1-3℃ than UC and CK treatments”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Film mulching increased root lengths at heading versus UC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- film mulching(FM)e1
- Outcome
- total root length and specific root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- UC treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total root length and specific root length at heading stage were also increased compared to UC treatment.”
e1“film mulching(FM) could increase soil temperature by 1-3℃ than UC and CK treatments”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf water potential ranked CK, FM, UC in decreasing order.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Water potential of flag leaf and the second lower leafe0
- Direction
- decreasing ordere0
- Comparator
- CKFMUCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water potential of flag leaf and the second lower leaf of the rice plant was in the decreasing order: CKFMUC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll did not differ significantly among treatments at tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tillering stagee0
- Treatment
- three treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content of leafe0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- three treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content of leaf at tillering stage among the three treatments.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM raised leaf chlorophyll by 29.4% at heading stage against UC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- film mulching treatment(FM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents of leafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.4%e0
- Comparator
- UCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching treatment(FM) significantly increased chlorophyll contents of leaf by 29.4% and 15.2% at heading stage and 74.4% and 38.9% at ripening stage compared to UC and CK treatment respectively.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM raised leaf chlorophyll by 15.2% at heading stage against CK treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- film mulching treatment(FM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents of leafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.2%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching treatment(FM) significantly increased chlorophyll contents of leaf by 29.4% and 15.2% at heading stage and 74.4% and 38.9% at ripening stage compared to UC and CK treatment respectively.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM raised leaf chlorophyll by 74.4% at ripening stage against UC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- film mulching treatment(FM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents of leafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 74.4%e0
- Comparator
- UCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching treatment(FM) significantly increased chlorophyll contents of leaf by 29.4% and 15.2% at heading stage and 74.4% and 38.9% at ripening stage compared to UC and CK treatment respectively.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM raised leaf chlorophyll by 38.9% at ripening stage against CK treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- ripening stagee0
- Treatment
- film mulching treatment(FM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contents of leafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.9%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching treatment(FM) significantly increased chlorophyll contents of leaf by 29.4% and 15.2% at heading stage and 74.4% and 38.9% at ripening stage compared to UC and CK treatment respectively.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM increased early grain yield by 10.6% versus UC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.6%e0
- Qualifier
- earlye0
- Comparator
- UC treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with UC treatment,FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM increased late season grain yield by 12.5% versus UC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12.5%e0
- Qualifier
- late seasone0
- Comparator
- UC treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with UC treatment,FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM and CK yields did not differ significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no significant yield differencee0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant yield difference between FM treatment and CK treatment.”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM occasionally increased soil total P and available N at tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Film mulchinge1
- Outcome
- total P,available Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- occasionallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total P,available N occasionally increased at tillering stage.”
e1“Film mulching did not cause changes in soil nutrient content except that”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At heading, FM reduced soil total P by 25.9% versus CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente1
- Outcome
- total Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.9%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total P,available P and available K were decreased by 25.9%,31.9%,16.2% respectively than CK treatment at heading stage”
e1“FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At heading, FM reduced soil available P by 31.9% versus CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente1
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 31.9%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total P,available P and available K were decreased by 25.9%,31.9%,16.2% respectively than CK treatment at heading stage”
e1“FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At heading, FM reduced soil available K by 16.2% versus CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente1
- Outcome
- available Ke0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total P,available P and available K were decreased by 25.9%,31.9%,16.2% respectively than CK treatment at heading stage”
e1“FM treatment led to an increase in grain yield by 10.6% and 12.5% respectively at early and late season”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM increased soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes two to fivefold versus CK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2 to 5 foldse0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to CK treatment,,FM treatment could increase the amount of soil bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes by 2 to 5 folds”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM increased soil sucrase activity at successive stages by 42.8%,28.8% and 69.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente1
- Outcome
- sucrase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 42.8%,28.8% and 69.9%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase soil enzyme activity at tillering,heading and ripening stage,especially sucrase activity by 42.8%,28.8% and 69.9%,catalase activity by 13.8%,81.3%,17.4% respectively.”
e1“Compared to CK treatment,,FM treatment”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FM increased soil catalase activity at successive stages by 13.8%,81.3%,17.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FM treatmente1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 13.8%,81.3%,17.4%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase soil enzyme activity at tillering,heading and ripening stage,especially sucrase activity by 42.8%,28.8% and 69.9%,catalase activity by 13.8%,81.3%,17.4% respectively.”
e1“Compared to CK treatment,,FM treatment”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer FM could improve water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- film mulchinge0
- Outcome
- water utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film mulching could improve the water utilization efficiency in rice production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Late stage soil nutrient deficiency may pose a problem with FM.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- film mulching treatment(FM)e0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient deficiencye0
- Qualifier
- may be a probleme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil nutrient deficiency in the late stage of rice growth may be a problem for upland rice cultivation under film mulching treatment(FM).”
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