Abstract
Aims Our objective was to investigate the effect of sulfur acid rain (SAR), nitric acid rain (NAR) and their mix-ture (MAR) on the physiology, growth and yield of the crop rape (Brassica napus). Methods Fifteen 4 m × 5 m plots were distributed stochastically for exploring SAR, NAR and MAR stress, with a roughly 0.6 m spacing between plots to avoid interference. We used three replicate treatments of pH = 7.0, 1.5, 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 and examined growth and development at 5-day intervals from budding to the end of flowering (March 10 to April 25, 2006). On April 12 for the peak period of flowering, we measured leaf cell membrane per-meability, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthesis pigment in leaves, photosynthesis speed, leaf injury rate and leaf area as physiological and growth parameters. On May 10, we measured the yield index during the ripening stage. Important findings These kinds of acid rains can inhibit physiology, growth and yield with effects differing among treatments. At pH ≤ 4.1, SAR, NAR and MAR damage the membrane of rape leaves, decreasing photo-synthetic pigment content and photosynthetic speed, thereby diminishing photosynthesis of the crop. For pH ≤3.1, leaf area is decreased and the leaf injury rate increases greatly. The value of pH = 4.1 can be used as the threshold for impact on rape yield. Over the range of pH = 1.5–7.0, leaf membrane permeability, MDA content and leaf injury rate follow the pattern of NAR MAR SAR and for the photosynthetic speed, content of photo-synthesis pigment, leaf area and yield the order is SAR MAR NAR. At pH 4.1, the differences between these treatments of acid rain are insignificant. For pH ≤ 3.1, the stress differences become large (p 0.05), with greater differences at stronger acidities, following the pattern NAR MAR SAR. This indicates the first two treatments have stronger inhibiting effects on the physiology, growth and yield of rape.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
All three acid rains damaged rape leaf membranes at pH ≤ 4.1.
- Taxon
- rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Treatment
- SAR, NAR and MARe0
- Outcome
- membrane of rape leavese0
- Direction
- damagee0
- Qualifier
- pH ≤ 4.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At pH ≤ 4.1, SAR, NAR and MAR damage the membrane of rape leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain decreased photosynthetic pigment content at pH ≤ 4.1.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- acid raint0
- Outcome
- photo-synthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing photo-synthetic pigment content and photosynthetic speed”
t0“Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain decreased photosynthetic speed at pH ≤ 4.1.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- acid raint0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic speede0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing photo-synthetic pigment content and photosynthetic speed”
t0“Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area decreased at pH ≤3.1.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- acid raint0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- pH ≤3.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For pH ≤3.1, leaf area is decreased and the leaf injury rate increases greatly.”
t0“Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf injury rate increased greatly at pH ≤3.1.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- acid raint0
- Outcome
- leaf injury ratee0
- Direction
- increases greatlye0
- Qualifier
- pH ≤3.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For pH ≤3.1, leaf area is decreased and the leaf injury rate increases greatly.”
t0“Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
pH 4.1 was the impact threshold for rape yield.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- threshold for impact on rape yielde0
- Value
- pH = 4.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The value of pH = 4.1 can be used as the threshold for impact on rape yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
NAR, MAR and SAR ranked in that order for membrane permeability, MDA and leaf injury.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- NAR MAR SARe0
- Outcome
- leaf membrane permeability, MDA content and leaf injury ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf membrane permeability, MDA content and leaf injury rate follow the pattern of NAR MAR SAR”
t0“rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
SAR, MAR and NAR ranked in that order for photosynthetic speed, pigment, leaf area and yield.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- SAR MAR NARe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic speed, content of photo-synthesis pigment, leaf area and yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the photosynthetic speed, content of photo-synthesis pigment, leaf area and yield the order is SAR MAR NAR.”
t0“rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid rain treatment differences at pH 4.1 were insignificant.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Outcome
- differences between these treatments of acid raine0
- Qualifier
- pH 4.1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At pH 4.1, the differences between these treatments of acid rain are insignificant.”
t0“rape (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment stress differences grew at pH ≤ 3.1 and stronger acidity.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napust0
- Outcome
- stress differencese0
- Direction
- become largee0
- Qualifier
- pH ≤ 3.1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For pH ≤ 3.1, the stress differences become large (p 0.05), with greater differences at stronger acidities, following the pattern NAR MAR SAR.”
t0“rape (Brassica napus)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.