Abstract
Emulsions of the seed-storage lipids jojoba wax and canola oil were tested for phytoprotective activity against two powdery mildews and two rot-causing fungi, and for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Against the powdery mildews tested (Erysiphe cichoracearum and Uncinula necato,), greenhouse cucumber plants and field grape plants treated with jojoba wax emulsions showed 75-100% reductions in powdery mildew disease severity, as compared to water sprayed plants. The canola oil emulsion reduced cucumber powdery mildew disease severity by 63-69%. Scanning electron microscope analyses of E. cichoracearum conidia on cucumber leaves sprayed with the seed-storage lipid emulsions showed normal germination structures with inhibited appressorium formation. The jojoba wax emulsions did have slight phytotoxic effects observable on both the cucumber and grape plants, especially during periods of higher temperature. However, these effects were not observed to reduce the yield or survival of the grape plants sprayed in field trials. Jojoba wax and canola oil emulsions did not seem to have an effect against the infection processes of rot-causing fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Didymelia bryoniae). Instead, the lack of differences between the growth of B. cinerea colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) treated with the seed-storage lipid emulsions or the emulsifying surfactant Triton X-100 alone indicated that the presence of the surfactant was correlated with reduced colony growth. Colony growth on Triton X-1 00-treated PDA was reduced by 87-92% as compared to the water control-treated PDA. In addition, field grape plants treated with emulsions containing Triton X-1 00 showed a 68-87% reduction in B. cinerea-caused disease incidence. While similar reductions in D. bryoniae growth were observed in vitro for PDA treated with emulsions containing Triton X-100, the surtactant or the lipid emulsions did not reduce D. bryoniae-caused disease incidence in the in vivo trials on greenhouse cucumbers plants. Applied treatments may have been washed away by exuding sap.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Jojoba wax emulsions reduced powdery mildew disease severity by 75-100% in field grape plants compared with water-sprayed plants.
Verbatim
e1“greenhouse cucumber plants and field grape plants treated with jojoba wax emulsions showed 75-100% reductions in powdery mildew disease severity, as compared to water sprayed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Jojoba wax emulsions reduced powdery mildew disease severity by 75-100% in greenhouse cucumber plants compared with water-sprayed plants.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse1 - Treatment
- jojoba wax emulsionse1
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- powdery mildew disease severitye1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Value
- 75-100%e1
- Comparator
- water sprayed plantse1
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“greenhouse cucumber plants and field grape plants treated with jojoba wax emulsions showed 75-100% reductions in powdery mildew disease severity, as compared to water sprayed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola oil emulsion reduced powdery mildew disease severity on cucumber by 63-69%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- canola oil emulsione1
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe1pathogen
- Outcome
- powdery mildew disease severitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 63-69%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The canola oil emulsion reduced cucumber powdery mildew disease severity by 63-69%”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-storage lipid emulsions inhibited appressorium formation of E. cichoracearum on cucumber leaves.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- seed-storage lipid emulsionse1
- Interactor
- E. cichoracearum
Golovinomyces cichoracearume1pathogen - Outcome
- appressorium formatione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Scanning electron microscope analyses of E. cichoracearum conidia on cucumber leaves sprayed with the seed-storage lipid emulsions showed normal germination structures with inhibited appressorium formation”
Claim · model-written summary
E. cichoracearum conidia on cucumber leaves sprayed with seed-storage lipid emulsions showed normal germination structures.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- seed-storage lipid emulsionse1
- Interactor
- E. cichoracearumGolovinomyces cichoracearume1pathogen
- Outcome
- germination structurese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Scanning electron microscope analyses of E. cichoracearum conidia on cucumber leaves sprayed with the seed-storage lipid emulsions showed normal germination structures with inhibited appressorium formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Jojoba wax emulsions caused slight phytotoxic effects on cucumber, especially at higher temperature.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- jojoba wax emulsionse1
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse1
- Qualifier
- especially during periods of higher temperaturee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The jojoba wax emulsions did have slight phytotoxic effects observable on both the cucumber and grape plants, especially during periods of higher temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Jojoba wax emulsions caused slight phytotoxic effects on grape, especially at higher temperature.
- Taxon
- grapee1
- Treatment
- jojoba wax emulsionse1
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse1
- Qualifier
- especially during periods of higher temperaturee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e1“The jojoba wax emulsions did have slight phytotoxic effects observable on both the cucumber and grape plants, especially during periods of higher temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
The phytotoxic effects of jojoba wax emulsions did not reduce yield or survival of field-sprayed grape plants.
- Taxon
- grapee1
- Treatment
- jojoba wax emulsionse2
- Outcome
- yield or survivale1
- Direction
- not observed to reducee1
- Setting
- field trialse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“However, these effects were not observed to reduce the yield or survival of the grape plants sprayed in field trials”
e2“The jojoba wax emulsions did have slight phytotoxic effects observable on both the cucumber and grape plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Jojoba wax and canola oil emulsions did not affect infection processes of Botrytis cinerea or Didymelia bryoniae on grape.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- Jojoba wax and canola oil emulsionse1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae1pathogen - Second interactor
- Didymelia bryoniaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection processese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Jojoba wax and canola oil emulsions did not seem to have an effect against the infection processes of rot-causing fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Didymelia bryoniae)”
e2“for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Triton X-100-treated PDA reduced B. cinerea colony growth by 87-92% compared with the water control.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- Triton X-1 00e1
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae3pathogen
- Outcome
- colony growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 87-92%e1
- Comparator
- water controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Colony growth on Triton X-1 00-treated PDA was reduced by 87-92% as compared to the water control-treated PDA”
e2“for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
e3“the growth of B. cinerea colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) treated with the seed-storage lipid emulsions or the emulsifying surfactant Triton X-100 alone indicated that the presence of the surfactant was correlated with reduced colony growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence of the surfactant was correlated with reduced B. cinerea colony growth on PDA.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- presence of the surfactante1
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- colony growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Instead, the lack of differences between the growth of B. cinerea colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) treated with the seed-storage lipid emulsions or the emulsifying surfactant Triton X-100 alone indicated that the presence of the surfactant was correlated with reduced colony growth”
e2“for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-storage lipid emulsions did not differ from Triton X-100 alone in their effect on B. cinerea colony growth on PDA.
- Taxon
- grapee2
- Treatment
- seed-storage lipid emulsionse1
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of B. cinerea coloniese1
- Direction
- lack of differencese1
- Comparator
- emulsifying surfactant Triton X-100 alonee1
- Setting
- potato dextrose agar (PDA)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Instead, the lack of differences between the growth of B. cinerea colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) treated with the seed-storage lipid emulsions or the emulsifying surfactant Triton X-100 alone indicated that the presence of the surfactant was correlated with reduced colony growth”
e2“for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Emulsions containing Triton X-100 produced similar reductions in D. bryoniae growth on PDA in vitro.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse2
- Treatment
- emulsions containing Triton X-100e1
- Interactor
- D. bryoniaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- D. bryoniae growthe1
- Direction
- similar reductionse1
- Setting
- in vitroe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“While similar reductions in D. bryoniae growth were observed in vitro for PDA treated with emulsions containing Triton X-100”
e2“for phytotoxicity on two host plants, grape ( Vitis vinifera) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field grape plants treated with emulsions containing Triton X-100 showed a 68-87% reduction in B. cinerea-caused disease incidence.
- Taxon
- grapee1
- Treatment
- emulsions containing Triton X-1 00e1
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae1pathogen
- Outcome
- B. cinerea-caused disease incidencee1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 68-87%e1
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In addition, field grape plants treated with emulsions containing Triton X-1 00 showed a 68-87% reduction in B. cinerea-caused disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid emulsions did not reduce D. bryoniae-caused disease incidence in greenhouse cucumber in vivo.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- lipid emulsionse1
- Interactor
- D. bryoniaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- D. bryoniae-caused disease incidencee1
- Direction
- did not reducee1
- Setting
- greenhousee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the surtactant or the lipid emulsions did not reduce D. bryoniae-caused disease incidence in the in vivo trials on greenhouse cucumbers plants”
The same questions in other papers
Simmondsia chinensis · disease · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Simmondsia chinensis · yield · VitisPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Brassica napus var. napus · disease · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Simmondsia chinensis · disease · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.