Abstract
The effects of the severity of post-flowering leaf removal on the growth and phenolic composition of berry skin and seeds were studied in three Vitis vinifera L. genotypes over two consecutive seasons, 2007 and 2008. The study was conducted in a commercial vertical shoot positioned (VSP)-trained nonirrigated vineyard of northern Greece, planted with cultivars Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Sangiovese. Three different severities of leaf removal in the fruit zone were applied manually at berry set: nondefoliated (ND), removal of the lateral shoots of the first six basal nodes (LR), and full removal of the total leaf area (main leaves and lateral shoots) of the first six basal nodes (FR). Grape samples were obtained at commercial harvest. Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese. Cluster compactness was reduced with the severity of defoliation only in Merlot, due to a decrease in berry number per cluster; berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars. On the contrary, in Cabernet Sauvignon, yield was unaffected but berry size was restrained by leaf removal. Skin and seed mass followed variations in berry mass (except for seed mass in Sangiovese). Fruit zone leaf removal did not affect must soluble solids and increased titratable acidity only in Merlot. Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in the order FR > LR > ND but significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols mainly as a result of the reduction in catechin and epicatechin amount. For these varieties, FR had lower seed flavan-3-ols than ND in both varieties, whereas LR had intermediate values. However, in Sangiovese, the highest seed phenolic content was recorded in LR. The results showed that post-flowering leaf removal improved the overall berry composition in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon but had limited effect in Sangiovese.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal decreased yield per vine in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis viniferat0 - Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- Leaf removale0
- Outcome
- yield per vinee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal decreased cluster weight in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- Leaf removale0
- Outcome
- cluster weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal decreased yield per vine in Sangiovese.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Sangiovesee0
- Treatment
- Leaf removale0
- Outcome
- yield per vinee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal decreased cluster weight in Sangiovese.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Sangiovesee0
- Treatment
- Leaf removale0
- Outcome
- cluster weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing defoliation severity reduced cluster compactness in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- severity of defoliatione0
- Outcome
- Cluster compactnesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese. Cluster compactness was reduced with the severity of defoliation only in Merlot, due to a decrease in berry number per cluster; berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation decreased berry number per cluster in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- berry number per clustere0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese. Cluster compactness was reduced with the severity of defoliation only in Merlot, due to a decrease in berry number per cluster; berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry fresh weight was unaffected by defoliation in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- berry fresh weighte0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese. Cluster compactness was reduced with the severity of defoliation only in Merlot, due to a decrease in berry number per cluster; berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Berry fresh weight was unaffected by defoliation in Sangiovese.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Sangiovesee0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- berry fresh weighte0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf removal decreased yield per vine and cluster weight in Merlot and Sangiovese. Cluster compactness was reduced with the severity of defoliation only in Merlot, due to a decrease in berry number per cluster; berry fresh weight was unaffected in both cultivars.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal did not affect yield in Cabernet Sauvignon.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone0
- Treatment
- leaf removale0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the contrary, in Cabernet Sauvignon, yield was unaffected but berry size was restrained by leaf removal.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal restrained berry size in Cabernet Sauvignon.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone0
- Treatment
- leaf removale0
- Outcome
- berry sizee0
- Direction
- restrainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the contrary, in Cabernet Sauvignon, yield was unaffected but berry size was restrained by leaf removal.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed mass followed berry mass variation except in Sangiovese.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- berrye0
- Outcome
- seed masse0
- Qualifier
- except for seed mass in Sangiovesee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Skin and seed mass followed variations in berry mass (except for seed mass in Sangiovese).”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit zone leaf removal did not affect must soluble solids.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Fruit zone leaf removale0
- Outcome
- must soluble solidse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit zone leaf removal did not affect must soluble solids and increased titratable acidity only in Merlot.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit zone leaf removal increased titratable acidity only in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- Fruit zone leaf removale0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit zone leaf removal did not affect must soluble solids and increased titratable acidity only in Merlot.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot, ordered FR above LR above ND.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- Defoliatione0
- Outcome
- skin anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- FR > LR > NDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in the order FR > LR > ND but significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols mainly as a result of the reduction in catechin and epicatechin amount.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Cabernet Sauvignon, ordered FR above LR above ND.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone0
- Treatment
- Defoliatione0
- Outcome
- skin anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- FR > LR > NDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in the order FR > LR > ND but significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols mainly as a result of the reduction in catechin and epicatechin amount.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Defoliatione0
- Outcome
- seed flavan-3-olse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation increased skin anthocyanins in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in the order FR > LR > ND but significantly reduced seed flavan-3-ols mainly as a result of the reduction in catechin and epicatechin amount.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full leaf removal had lower seed flavan-3-ols than no defoliation in both varieties.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- FRe0
- Outcome
- seed flavan-3-olse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For these varieties, FR had lower seed flavan-3-ols than ND in both varieties, whereas LR had intermediate values.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral shoot removal gave the highest seed phenolic content in Sangiovese.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Sangiovesee0
- Treatment
- LRe0
- Outcome
- seed phenolic contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, in Sangiovese, the highest seed phenolic content was recorded in LR.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-flowering leaf removal improved overall berry composition in Merlot.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Merlote0
- Treatment
- post-flowering leaf removale0
- Outcome
- overall berry compositione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that post-flowering leaf removal improved the overall berry composition in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon but had limited effect in Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-flowering leaf removal improved overall berry composition in Cabernet Sauvignon.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.Vitis viniferat0
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone0
- Treatment
- post-flowering leaf removale0
- Outcome
- overall berry compositione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that post-flowering leaf removal improved the overall berry composition in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon but had limited effect in Sangiovese.”
t0“Vitis vinifera L.”
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