Abstract
Indaziflam { N ‐[(1R, S )‐2,3‐dihyrdo‐2,6‐dimethyl‐1 H ‐inden‐1‐yl]‐6‐(1‐fluorethyl)1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine} is a preemergence herbicide for annual weed control in turfgrass systems. Following indaziflam U.S. registration in 2010, sporadic cases of hybrid bermudagrass (HB) injury were reported. Field research was conducted from 2012 to 2014 evaluating indaziflam application rates [16 followed by 16 (28 d), 33, 49, or 65 g a.i. ha −1 ] and timings (fall‐only, fall‐plus‐spring, or spring‐only) in two environments (reduced sunlight [RS] and full sunlight [FS]) to elucidate their effect on HB growth. In Year 1, differences were not detected, while in Year 2 HB cover varied between environments. In Year 2, HB cover in the RS environment treated with 49 and 65 g ha −1 had 36 and 64% less visual cover 12 wk after initial spring treatment than the FS environment, respectively. Within the RS environment, indaziflam also reduced HB visual cover compared to the nontreated (77% cover). A bioassay study conducted with soil cores collected from field plots suggested HB cover reduction was minimally affected by indaziflam‐soil bioavailability, as perennial ryegrass biomass was not reduced beyond a 2.5‐cm depth. Weather conditions varied between years, with air temperatures ≤0°C occurring more frequently and to a greater magnitude in Year 2. The weather, coupled with reduced solar radiation in the RS environment may have contributed to HB cover reduction in Year 2. Overall, indaziflam applications to established HB in areas with suitable growth conditions were safe; however, unacceptable HB cover reductions were observed in areas with poor growth conditions. Indaziflam is safe on established bermudagrass grown in appropriate conditions. Bermudagrass‐indaziflam tolerance decreased when applied in a reduced sunlight setting. Severe winter climatic conditions exacerbated bermudagrass‐indaziflam injury.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
In Year 1 no differences were detected among indaziflam treatments in hybrid bermudagrass.
- Taxon
- Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Treatment
- Indaziflamt1
- Outcome
- differencese0
- Direction
- not detectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Year 1, differences were not detected”
t0“Bermudagrass”
t1“Indaziflam”
Claim · model-written summary
In Year 2 hybrid bermudagrass cover varied between the reduced sunlight and full sunlight environments.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Outcome
- HB covere0
- Direction
- variede0
- Setting
- environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Year 2 HB cover varied between environments”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
In Year 2, hybrid bermudagrass in the reduced sunlight environment treated with indaziflam at 49 g ha -1 had 36% less visual cover 12 wk after initial spring treatment than in the full sunlight environment.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 49 and 65 g ha −1e0
- Outcome
- visual covere0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 36e0
- Qualifier
- 12 wk after initial spring treatmente0
- Comparator
- FS environmente0
- Setting
- RS environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HB cover in the RS environment treated with 49 and 65 g ha −1 had 36 and 64% less visual cover 12 wk after initial spring treatment than the FS environment”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
In Year 2, hybrid bermudagrass in the reduced sunlight environment treated with indaziflam at 65 g ha -1 had 64% less visual cover 12 wk after initial spring treatment than in the full sunlight environment.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 49 and 65 g ha −1e0
- Outcome
- visual covere0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Qualifier
- 12 wk after initial spring treatmente0
- Comparator
- FS environmente0
- Setting
- RS environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HB cover in the RS environment treated with 49 and 65 g ha −1 had 36 and 64% less visual cover 12 wk after initial spring treatment than the FS environment”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Within the reduced sunlight environment, indaziflam reduced hybrid bermudagrass visual cover compared with the nontreated (77% cover).
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- indaziflame0
- Outcome
- HB visual covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 77% covere0
- Comparator
- nontreatede0
- Setting
- RS environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within the RS environment, indaziflam also reduced HB visual cover compared to the nontreated (77% cover)”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
In a bioassay with soil cores from indaziflam field plots, perennial ryegrass biomass was not reduced beyond a 2.5-cm depth.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0 - Treatment
- Indaziflamt0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- not reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass biomass was not reduced”
t0“Indaziflam”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest weather coupled with reduced solar radiation in the reduced sunlight environment may have contributed to hybrid bermudagrass cover reduction in Year 2.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- reduced solar radiatione0
- Outcome
- HB cover reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weather, coupled with reduced solar radiation in the RS environment may have contributed to HB cover reduction in Year 2”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Indaziflam applications to established hybrid bermudagrass in areas with suitable growth conditions were safe.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- indaziflam applicationse0
- Outcome
- safee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indaziflam applications to established HB in areas with suitable growth conditions were safe”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Unacceptable hybrid bermudagrass cover reductions were observed after indaziflam in areas with poor growth conditions.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Indaziflamt1
- Outcome
- HB cover reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Qualifier
- areas with poor growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unacceptable HB cover reductions were observed in areas with poor growth conditions”
t0“Bermudagrass”
t1“Indaziflam”
Claim · model-written summary
Bermudagrass tolerance to indaziflam decreased when applied in a reduced sunlight setting.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Indaziflamt1
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- reduced sunlight settinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerance decreased when applied in a reduced sunlight setting”
t0“Bermudagrass”
t1“Indaziflam”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe winter climatic conditions exacerbated bermudagrass injury from indaziflam.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Treatment
- Severe winter climatic conditionse0
- Outcome
- bermudagrass‐indaziflam injurye0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe winter climatic conditions exacerbated bermudagrass‐indaziflam injury”
The same questions in other papers
indaziflam · organism · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.