Abstract
Human deficiencies of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are worldwide problems. Biofortification of wheat could reduce Fe and Zn deficiencies in societies that depend on wheat consumption. This study investigated the effects of foliar application of Fe with or without Zn on the concentrations of Fe and Zn in grain and especially in flour of three wheat cultivars. On average, grain Fe concentration was increased significantly from 29.5 mg kg(-1) in the control to 37.8, 35.9, or 34.9 mg kg(-1) by application of FeSO4, ferric citrate plus ZnSO4, or ferric citrate, respectively. As expected, grain Zn concentration was increased from 29.0 mg kg(-1) in the control to 45.7 or 39.6 mg kg(-1) by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 or a complex of micronutrients. Although the Fe and Zn concentrations in flour were inherently lower than in bran and shorts made by experimental mill, the concentrations in flour were simultaneously increased from 10.4 to 12.4 mg kg(-1) for Fe and from 11.8 to 17.4 mg kg(-1) for Zn by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4. Importantly, Fe was peripherally localized within grain fractions and strictly limited to transport to endosperm, making it more difficult to increase the quantity of Fe in flour products by foliar Fe application, but the situation with Zn is promising because Zn is more readily transported to the endosperm than Fe. The current study increases the understanding of agronomic biofortification.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
FeSO4 increased grain Fe concentration to 37.8 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.8e0
- Qualifier
- 29.5 mg kg(-1)e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Fe concentration was increased significantly from 29.5 mg kg(-1) in the control to 37.8, 35.9, or 34.9 mg kg(-1) by application of FeSO4, ferric citrate plus ZnSO4, or ferric citrate, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 increased grain Fe concentration to 35.9 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ferric citrate plus ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.9e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Fe concentration was increased significantly from 29.5 mg kg(-1) in the control to 37.8, 35.9, or 34.9 mg kg(-1) by application of FeSO4, ferric citrate plus ZnSO4, or ferric citrate, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric citrate increased grain Fe concentration to 34.9 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ferric citratee0
- Outcome
- grain Fe concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.9e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Fe concentration was increased significantly from 29.5 mg kg(-1) in the control to 37.8, 35.9, or 34.9 mg kg(-1) by application of FeSO4, ferric citrate plus ZnSO4, or ferric citrate, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 increased grain Zn concentration to 45.7 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ferric citrate plus ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.7e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Zn concentration was increased from 29.0 mg kg(-1) in the control to 45.7 or 39.6 mg kg(-1) by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 or a complex of micronutrients”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A micronutrient complex increased grain Zn concentration to 39.6 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- a complex of micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.6e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain Zn concentration was increased from 29.0 mg kg(-1) in the control to 45.7 or 39.6 mg kg(-1) by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 or a complex of micronutrients”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flour Fe and Zn concentrations were lower than bran and shorts.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Fe and Zn concentrations in floure0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- bran and shortse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe and Zn concentrations in flour were inherently lower than in bran and shorts made by experimental mill”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 increased flour Fe from 10.4 to 12.4 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ferric citrate plus ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- concentrations in floure0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.4 mg kg(-1)e0
- Qualifier
- 10.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations in flour were simultaneously increased from 10.4 to 12.4 mg kg(-1) for Fe and from 11.8 to 17.4 mg kg(-1) for Zn by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferric citrate plus ZnSO4 increased flour Zn from 11.8 to 17.4 mg kg(-1).
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ferric citrate plus ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- concentrations in floure0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.4 mg kg(-1)e0
- Qualifier
- 11.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations in flour were simultaneously increased from 10.4 to 12.4 mg kg(-1) for Fe and from 11.8 to 17.4 mg kg(-1) for Zn by application of ferric citrate plus ZnSO4”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe was peripherally localized and transport to endosperm was limited.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Fe was peripherally localized within grain fractions and strictly limited to transport to endosperme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe was peripherally localized within grain fractions and strictly limited to transport to endosperm”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn was transported to endosperm more readily than Fe.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- transported to the endosperme0
- Direction
- more readilye0
- Comparator
- Fee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn is more readily transported to the endosperm than Fe”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.