Abstract
I. A Field-Oriented Simulation Model A simulation model for pink bollworm (PBW) and cotton was developed, field validated, and incorporated into an industry sponsored regional PBW management program for southwestern desert cotton. The PBW model differs from earlier versions in its incorporation of stochastic development, the expansion of the concept of physiological time to include nutritional influences of the cotton host on larval development, and its ability to simulate the kinds of data typically collected by pest control advisors when monitoring cotton for pink bollworm. II. A Strategic Management Model A simulation model of pink bollworm populations, as affected by insecticide and pheromone applications in cotton, is described. The simulation results compared favorably to field data. The study indicates that use of sex pheromone for control of pink bollworm by mating disruption inversely depends on density and therefore is most effective in the early season when populations are low. Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation. Pheromone applications in the early season delay but do not obviate the need to spray insecticide to limit infestation levels. III. Strategies for Control: An Economic Simulation Study The cotton-pink bollworm model and the management model developed by Stone and Gutierrez (I and II of this series) are used to evaluate different strategies for controlling pink bollworm in the southwestern desert. Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bolls are found to be the most profitable in the absence of penalties for heavy insecticide use. Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bolls did not control pink bollworm. Pheromone in combination with insecticide greatly enhanced profits and was the best workable strategy tested since a 2 percent threshold is probably too difficult to sample accurately in the field. The efficacy of using early season insecticide applications at and before the first hostable squares are present is discussed, as is the possible impact of early season insecticide applications on beneficial insect populations.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide sprays at a 2 percent infested-boll threshold are the most profitable strategy in cotton when no penalties apply for heavy insecticide use.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bollse0
- Outcome
- profite0
- Direction
- most profitablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e0“Pesticide sprays based on an ultraconservative economic threshold of 2 percent infested bolls are found to be the most profitable in the absence of penalties for heavy insecticide use”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide sprayed at thresholds over 8 percent infested bolls did not control pink bollworm.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bollse1
- Interactor
- pink bollworm
Pectinophora gossypiellae1pest - Outcome
- pink bollworme1
- Direction
- did not controle1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e1“Insecticide sprayed on thresholds over 8 percent infested bolls did not control pink bollworm”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone combined with insecticide greatly enhanced profits and was the best workable strategy tested.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pheromone in combination with insecticidee2
- Outcome
- profitse2
- Direction
- greatly enhancede2
- Comparator
- strategy testede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e2“Pheromone in combination with insecticide greatly enhanced profits and was the best workable strategy tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Sex pheromone mating disruption of pink bollworm is most effective early in the season when populations are low.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- use of sex pheromonee3
- Interactor
- pink bollwormPectinophora gossypiellae3pest
- Outcome
- mating disruptione3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
- Qualifier
- early season when populations are lowe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e3“use of sex pheromone for control of pink bollworm by mating disruption inversely depends on density and therefore is most effective in the early season when populations are low”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone-treated cotton fields show delayed pink bollworm population peaks compared with untreated fields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pheromone-treated fieldse4
- Outcome
- population peakse4
- Direction
- delayede4
- Comparator
- untreated fieldse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e4“Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone-treated cotton fields show reduced overall pink bollworm infestation compared with untreated fields.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pheromone-treated fieldse4
- Outcome
- overall infestatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- untreated fieldse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e4“Compared to untreated fields, pheromone-treated fields show delayed population peaks and reduced overall infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season pheromone applications delay but do not remove the need to spray insecticide to limit infestation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pheromone applications in the early seasone5
- Outcome
- need to spray insecticidee5
- Direction
- do not obviatee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton”
e5“Pheromone applications in the early season delay but do not obviate the need to spray insecticide to limit infestation levels”
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See all 283 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.