Abstract
The effects of three chemical fruit thinners, carbaryl, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and benzyladenine (BA), were compared on predatory and phytophagous mites in a petri dish assay and in four apple orchards. In the petri dish assay, 10 ppm of NAA was harmless <50% mortality) to the phytoseiid Amblyseius fallacis Garman, the erythraeid Balaustium putmani Smiley, and the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing), but mortality of Z. mali was significantly greater than the control. BA (50 and 100 ppm) was also harmless to A. fallacis, B. putmani, and Z. mali, although A. fallacis and Z. mali had significantly more mortality than in controls. Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm) caused 100% mortality of A. fallacis and 94-100% mortality of Z. mali but was harmless to B. putmani. In orchard tests, NAA (8-10 ppm) was harmless <25% mortality) to mites in the families Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae, but it reduced densities of Z. mali for about 14 d. By comparison with controls and NAA, carbaryl (500-1,200 ppm) and BA (50-150 ppm) produced significant differences in numbers of Phytoseiidae, Z. mali, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae. However, carbaryl consistently produced significantly higher densities of Tetranychidae and lower densities of A. fallacis and Z. mali than BA, and in one orchard induced an outbreak of Tetranychus urticae Koch that exceeded the economic threshold of seven per leaf.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
NAA was harmless to three predatory mites in a dish assay.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- 10 ppm of NAAe0
- Interactor
- Amblyseius fallacise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- harmlesse0
- Value
- <50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10 ppm of NAA was harmless <50% mortality) to the phytoseiid Amblyseius fallacis Garman, the erythraeid Balaustium putmani Smiley, and the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing)”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA increased Z. mali mortality relative to control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAAe1
- Interactor
- Z. maliZetzellia malie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality of Z. malie0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality of Z. mali was significantly greater than the control.”
t0“Apple”
e1“10 ppm of NAA”
Claim · model-written summary
BA was harmless to three predatory mites.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA (50 and 100 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- A. fallacise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye1
- Direction
- harmlesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BA (50 and 100 ppm) was also harmless to A. fallacis, B. putmani, and Z. mali”
t0“Apple”
e1“although A. fallacis and Z. mali had significantly more mortality than in controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
BA increased A. fallacis and Z. mali mortality versus controls.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BAe1
- Interactor
- A. fallacise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. fallacis and Z. mali had significantly more mortality than in controls.”
t0“Apple”
e1“BA (50 and 100 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl caused complete A. fallacis mortality.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- A. fallacise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality of A. fallacise0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm) caused 100% mortality of A. fallacis”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl caused 94-100% Z. mali mortality.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- Z. maliZetzellia malie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality of Z. malie0
- Direction
- causede2
- Value
- 94-100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“94-100% mortality of Z. mali”
t0“Apple”
e1“Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm)”
e2“caused 100% mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl was harmless to B. putmani.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm)e1
- Interactor
- B. putmanie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- B. putmanie0
- Direction
- harmlesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was harmless to B. putmani.”
t0“Apple”
e1“Carbaryl (600 and 1,200 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA was harmless to mites across five families in orchards.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAA (8-10 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- mitese0pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- harmlesse0
- Value
- <25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA (8-10 ppm) was harmless <25% mortality) to mites in the families Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA reduced Z. mali density for about 14 days.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAAe1
- Interactor
- Z. maliZetzellia malie0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- densities of Z. malie0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- about 14 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced densities of Z. mali for about 14 d.”
t0“Apple”
e1“NAA (8-10 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl and BA significantly altered numbers of mite groups versus controls and NAA.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryl (500-1,200 ppm)e0
- Interactor
- TetranychidaeTetranychidaee0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of Phytoseiidae, Z. mali, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidaee0
- Comparator
- controls and NAAe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbaryl (500-1,200 ppm) and BA (50-150 ppm) produced significant differences in numbers of Phytoseiidae, Z. mali, Tetranychidae, Tydeidae, and Tarsonemidae.”
t0“Apple”
e1“controls and NAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl produced higher tetranychid densities than BA.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryle0
- Interactor
- TetranychidaeTetranychidaee0pest
- Outcome
- densities of Tetranychidaee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- BAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbaryl consistently produced significantly higher densities of Tetranychidae”
t0“Apple”
e1“than BA”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl produced lower A. fallacis and Z. mali densities than BA.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryle1
- Interactor
- A. fallacise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- densities of A. fallacis and Z. malie0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- BAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower densities of A. fallacis and Z. mali than BA”
t0“Apple”
e1“carbaryl consistently produced significantly higher densities”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl induced a T. urticae outbreak above the economic threshold in one orchard.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryle1
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae
.jpg?width=60)
Tetranychus urticaee0pest - Outcome
- outbreak of Tetranychus urticaee0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- seven per leafe0
- Comparator
- economic thresholde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“in one orchard induced an outbreak of Tetranychus urticae Koch that exceeded the economic threshold of seven per leaf.”
t0“Apple”
e1“carbaryl consistently produced”
The same questions in other papers
carbaryl · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →N-benzyladenine · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.