Abstract
Effects of adjuvants on chlorpyrifos for suppression of cotton aphid, Aphis Gossypii (Glover), in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), were evaluated using four parameters: percentage cotton aphid mortality, spray droplet coverage (percentage area covered) on water-sensitive cards, spray droplet penetration (average spot diameter frequency distributions) into the cotton canopy, and the rate of disappearance (decay) of chlorpyrifos residues from cotton leaf surfaces. All factors were measured on cotton averaging 171.4 cm in height at three canopy levels (from terminal): upper, 0 cm; middle, 45.7 cm; lower, 76.2 cm. Mortality of aphids in the upper canopy level (89%) was higher than middle (66%) and lower (57%) levels. Spray coverage, measured as mean percentage area of water-sensitive cards covered by spots, decreased at each lower canopy level as did mean total number of spots per square centimeter. Chlorpyrifos alone generally had a higher proportion of spots per square centimeter in the middle and lower canopy levels relative to the upper level, compared with the adjuvant combinations. No differences in spot diameter frequency distributions were detected among treatments within a canopy level or within a treatment among canopy levels. Initial mean chlorpyrifos deposits on cotton leaf surfaces were highest at the upper canopy level (678 ng/cm2) and decreased by approximately 50% at each descending canopy level. Rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos from cotton leaf surfaces was significantly reduced at the middle and lower canopy levels compared with the upper level. Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos efficacy, deposition characteristics, or rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos. Canopy level was important for all three measured criteria.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton aphid mortality was greatest in the upper canopy, then middle and lower levels.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Organ / stage
- upper canopy levele0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- Mortality of aphidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 89%e0
- Qualifier
- middle (66%) and lower (57%) levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mortality of aphids in the upper canopy level (89%) was higher than middle (66%) and lower (57%) levels.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray coverage decreased at each lower canopy level.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- lower canopy levele0
- Outcome
- Spray coveragee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray coverage, measured as mean percentage area of water-sensitive cards covered by spots, decreased at each lower canopy level”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Total spray spots per square centimeter decreased at lower canopy levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- lower canopy levele0
- Outcome
- mean total number of spots per square centimetere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased at each lower canopy level as did mean total number of spots per square centimeter”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos alone had a higher middle and lower canopy spot proportion than adjuvant combinations.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- middle and lower canopy levelse0
- Treatment
- Chlorpyrifos alonee0
- Outcome
- proportion of spots per square centimetere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- adjuvant combinationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorpyrifos alone generally had a higher proportion of spots per square centimeter in the middle and lower canopy levels relative to the upper level, compared with the adjuvant combinations.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Spot diameter distributions did not differ among treatments or canopy levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- spot diameter frequency distributionse0
- Direction
- No differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No differences in spot diameter frequency distributions were detected among treatments within a canopy level or within a treatment among canopy levels.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial chlorpyrifos deposits were highest in the upper canopy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- leaf surfacese0
- Outcome
- Initial mean chlorpyrifos depositse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 678 ng/cm2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Initial mean chlorpyrifos deposits on cotton leaf surfaces were highest at the upper canopy level (678 ng/cm2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos deposits decreased about 50% at each descending canopy level.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- descending canopy levele0
- Outcome
- chlorpyrifos depositse1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- approximately 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased by approximately 50% at each descending canopy level”
t0“Cotton”
e1“Initial mean chlorpyrifos deposits on cotton leaf surfaces were highest at the upper canopy level (678 ng/cm2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos disappeared more slowly at middle and lower canopy levels than upper.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- cotton leaf surfacese0
- Outcome
- Rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifose0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- upper levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos from cotton leaf surfaces was significantly reduced at the middle and lower canopy levels compared with the upper level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos efficacy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Adjuvantse0
- Interactor
- Cotton Aphid
Aphis gossypiit0pest - Outcome
- chlorpyrifos efficacye0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos efficacy, deposition characteristics, or rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos.”
t0“Cotton Aphid”
Claim · model-written summary
Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos deposition.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Adjuvantse0
- Outcome
- deposition characteristicse0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos efficacy, deposition characteristics, or rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos disappearance rate.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Adjuvantse0
- Outcome
- rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifose0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adjuvants did not significantly affect chlorpyrifos efficacy, deposition characteristics, or rate of disappearance of chlorpyrifos.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy level was important for all three measured criteria.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- Canopy levele0
- Outcome
- all three measured criteriae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canopy level was important for all three measured criteria.”
t0“Cotton”
The same questions in other papers
adjuvant · Aphis gossypii · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
adjuvant · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.