Abstract
Insecticides used to control Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) on tomatoes are directed at eggs and small larvae before larvae feed on fruit. Experiments were conducted to determine the persistence of insecticides on tomato foliage and the rate of tomato plant growth, which together were used to interpret field efficacy studies of insecticides for control of H. zea in western North Carolina. The pyrethroid esfenvalerate exhibited the longest persistence of all insecticides studied; the half-life of esfenvalerate on foliage was estimated to be > 10 d, whereas those of carbaryl, methomyl, and endosulfan varied from < 2 to < 8 d. Exposure of H. zea neonate larvae to field-treated esfenvalerate leaves resulted in > 65% mortality 14 d after the first application and 91.5% mortality 14 d after the third successive application. Carbaryl and endosulfan resulted in high levelsof larval mortality for 4-8 d after application, but methomyl and Bacillus thuringiensis were toxic for very short periods < 48 h) after application. Plant growth rates were highest from ≈ 2 wk after transplanting until shortly before harvest, indicating that residue loss due to plant growth dilution effects are greatest before harvest begins. Higher levels of H. zea-damaged fruit and potato aphid populations, Macrosiphum euphormae (Thomas), occurred when insecticide application intervals were increased from 5 to 10 to 14 d. However, the magnitude of damaged fruit increase was greater with increasing application intervals in 1989 than in 1988. These differences were attributed to more frequent rainfall in 1989.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Esfenvalerate persisted longest on tomato foliage, with a half-life over 10 days.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- esfenvaleratee0
- Outcome
- half-life of esfenvalerate on foliagee0
- Direction
- longeste0
- Value
- > 10 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pyrethroid esfenvalerate exhibited the longest persistence of all insecticides studied; the half-life of esfenvalerate on foliage was estimated to be > 10 d”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl, methomyl and endosulfan had foliage half-lives under two to under eight days.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- those of carbaryl, methomyl, and endosulfane0
- Value
- < 2 to < 8 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of carbaryl, methomyl, and endosulfan varied from < 2 to < 8 d”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Esfenvalerate-treated leaves caused over 65% H. zea neonate mortality 14 days after the first application.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- field-treated esfenvalerate leavese0
- Interactor
- H. zea
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeae0pest - Outcome
- H. zea neonate larvaee0
- Value
- > 65% mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of H. zea neonate larvae to field-treated esfenvalerate leaves resulted in > 65% mortality 14 d after the first application”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Esfenvalerate-treated leaves caused 91.5% H. zea mortality 14 days after a third application.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- field-treated esfenvalerate leavese1
- Interactor
- H. zeaHelicoverpa zeae1pest
- Outcome
- H. zea neonate larvaee1
- Value
- 91.5% mortalitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“91.5% mortality 14 d after the third successive application”
e1“H. zea neonate larvae to field-treated esfenvalerate leaves”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl and endosulfan yielded high larval mortality for 4–8 days after application.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Carbaryl and endosulfane0
- Interactor
- H. zeaHelicoverpa zeae1pest
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 4-8 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carbaryl and endosulfan resulted in high levelsof larval mortality for 4-8 d after application”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
e1“H. zea neonate larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
Methomyl and Bacillus thuringiensis were toxic for under 48 hours.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- methomyl and Bacillus thuringiensise0
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Direction
- very shorte0
- Value
- < 48 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methomyl and Bacillus thuringiensis were toxic for very short periods < 48 h)”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato growth rates peaked from about two weeks after transplanting until shortly before harvest.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Plant growth ratese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- from ≈ 2 wk after transplanting until shortly before harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth rates were highest from ≈ 2 wk after transplanting until shortly before harvest”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer insecticide intervals increased H. zea-damaged tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- insecticide application intervals were increased from 5 to 10 to 14 de1
- Interactor
- H. zeaHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- H. zea-damaged fruite0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher levels of H. zea-damaged fruit”
e1“insecticide application intervals were increased from 5 to 10 to 14 d”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer insecticide intervals increased potato aphid populations.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- insecticide application intervals were increased from 5 to 10 to 14 de0
- Interactor
- Macrosiphum euphormaee0pest
- Outcome
- potato aphid populationse0
- Direction
- Highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potato aphid populations, Macrosiphum euphormae (Thomas), occurred when insecticide application intervals were increased from 5 to 10 to 14 d”
e1“Higher levels of H. zea-damaged fruit”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
The fruit-damage increase with longer intervals was greater in 1989 than 1988.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- damaged fruit increasee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- 1988e0
- Setting
- 1989e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“magnitude of damaged fruit increase was greater with increasing application intervals in 1989 than in 1988”
t0“Tomato Foliage”
The same questions in other papers
carbaryl · Helicoverpa zea · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
insecticide · pest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 36 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.