Abstract
Research comparing the effects of five reduced 2,4-D rates on cotton growth, node development, and yield after herbicide exposure at the 4- to 6-leaf stage was conducted at the Texas A&M Field Laboratory near College Station, Texas in 2001, 2002, and 2003. These data were used with those from previous research quantifying 2,4-D injury to correlate yield loss. Yearly environmental conditions during the three-year study had significant effects on much of the data. Plants exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./ha showed no reduction in height during 2001 or 2002, but stunting was observed in 2003. The highest 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./ha, had no effect on the number of plant nodes but decreased bolls on reproductive growth and increased bolls on vegetative growth during 2001 and 2003. Vegetative boll production was unaffected in 2002. Plots exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -3 kg a.i./ha experienced no yield reduction. The ability to predict yield loss after early-season 2,4-D injury seems possible, with high correlations between total plant injury and yield during 2002 and 2003 (R 2 = 0.82 and 0.80, respectively). The correlation between injury and yield was lower in 2001 (R 2 = 0.50). Accepted for publication 16 February 2014. Published 2 June 2014.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Yearly conditions significantly affected much of the cotton trial data.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Outcome
- much of the datae0
- Setting
- Yearly environmental conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Yearly environmental conditions during the three-year study had significant effects on much of the data.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton height was not reduced by rates up to 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./ha in 2001 or 2002.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- no reductione0
- Qualifier
- during 2001 or 2002e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Plants exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./ha showed no reduction in height during 2001 or 2002”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton was stunted in 2003 under the stated 2,4-D exposure.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- stuntinge0
- Qualifier
- in 2003e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Plants exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -4 kg a.i./ha showed no reduction in height during 2001 or 2002, but stunting was observed in 2003.”
Claim · model-written summary
The two highest 2,4-D rates did not change node number.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- number of plant nodese0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The highest 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./ha, had no effect on the number of plant nodes”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest 2,4-D rates decreased reproductive bolls in 2001 and 2003.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- bolls on reproductive growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- during 2001 and 2003e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The highest 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./ha, had no effect on the number of plant nodes but decreased bolls on reproductive growth and increased bolls on vegetative growth during 2001 and 2003.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest 2,4-D rates increased vegetative bolls in 2001 and 2003.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- bolls on vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during 2001 and 2003e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The highest 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10 -2 and 2.7×10 -1 kg a.i./ha, had no effect on the number of plant nodes but decreased bolls on reproductive growth and increased bolls on vegetative growth during 2001 and 2003.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative boll production was unaffected in 2002.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Vegetative boll productione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- in 2002e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Vegetative boll production was unaffected in 2002.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield was not reduced at 2,4-D rates up to 5.3×10 -3 kg a.i./ha.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -3 kg a.i./hae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no yield reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Plots exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10 -3 kg a.i./ha experienced no yield reduction.”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury and yield were highly correlated in 2002, with R 2 = 0.82.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- total plant injurye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.82e0
- Qualifier
- 2002e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“high correlations between total plant injury and yield during 2002 and 2003 (R 2 = 0.82 and 0.80, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Injury and yield were highly correlated in 2003, with R 2 = 0.80.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- total plant injurye0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 0.80e0
- Qualifier
- 2003e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“high correlations between total plant injury and yield during 2002 and 2003 (R 2 = 0.82 and 0.80, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The injury-yield correlation was lower in 2001, at R 2 = 0.50.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- injurye0
- Outcome
- correlation between injury and yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- R 2 = 0.50e0
- Qualifier
- in 2001e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The correlation between injury and yield was lower in 2001 (R 2 = 0.50).”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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- negative
- positive
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7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
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See all 10 papers →2,4-D · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.