Abstract
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population and, hence, the main source of a vital micronutrient, zinc (Zn). Unfortunately, the bioavailability of Zn from rice is very low not only due to low content but also due to the presence of some antinutrients such as phytic acid. We investigated the effect of germination and Zn fortification treatment on Zn bioavailability of brown rice from three widely grown cultivars using the Caco-2 cell model to find a suitable fortification level for producing germinated brown rice. The results of this study showed that Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/L. In contrast, no significant influence (p > 0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when the Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/L. Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability. These findings may result from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn. Likewise, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability; these results might be attributed to the difference in the molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and the concentration of Zn among the cultivars evaluated. Based on global intake of Zn among the world population, we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contains high Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability. In the current study, the cultivar Bing91185 fortified with Zn through the germination process contained a high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as an improved source of Zn for target populations.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Brown rice Zn content increased significantly as external Zn rose from 25 to 250 mg/L.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- Zn content in brown ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn content in brown rice increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the external Zn concentrations increased from 25 to 250 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn below 150 mg/L had no significant influence on rice germination percentage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- no significant influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant influence (p > 0.05) on germination percentage of rice was observed when the Zn supply was lower than 150 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn fortification during germination significantly affected rice Zn content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Zn fortificatione0
- Outcome
- Zn contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability”
e1“brown rice from three widely grown cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn fortification during germination significantly affected Zn bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Zn fortificatione0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn fortification during the germination process has a significant impact on the Zn content and finally Zn bioavailability”
e1“brown rice from three widely grown cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars differed significantly in Zn accumulation capacity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- capacity for Zn accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability”
e1“brown rice from three widely grown cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars differed significantly in Zn bioavailability.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among cultivars with respect to the capacity for Zn accumulation and Zn bioavailability”
e1“brown rice from three widely grown cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed greater Zn bioavailability to lower phytic acid to Zn ratio and higher Zn content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- phytic acide0
- Outcome
- more bioavailable Zne0
- Qualifier
- lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings may result from the lower molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn and higher Zn content in Zn fortified germinated brown rice, leading to more bioavailable Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) for the germination process.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L ZnSO(4)e0
- Outcome
- germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination processe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend germinated brown rice fortified with 100 mg/L ZnSO(4) as a suitable concentration to use in the germination process, which contains high Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability”
Claim · model-written summary
Bing91185 fortified during germination had high Zn amount and bioavailability and was identified as promising for further evaluation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the cultivar Bing91185 fortified with Zn through the germination process contained a high amount as well as bioavailable Zn, which was identified as the most promising cultivar for further evaluation to determine its efficiency as an improved source of Zn for target populations”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 118 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
128 papers more in this group
See all 132 papers →zinc atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
253 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
272 papers more in this group
See all 276 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.