Abstract
Drought and high concentration of calcium are the main characters of the karst soils,and always show great heterogeneity in the karst ecosystems. In order to explore the effects of AMF on the photosynthetic and growth characters of maize( Zea mays L.) under various stresses,three treatments including drought,high concentration of calcium( high Ca),and their combination( double stress) were applied to potted maize seedlings. The results showed that the colonization rate of the AMF to maize seedlings was following the sequence of: control drought double stress high Ca. Compared to the control group,the biomass,net photosynthetic rate( Pn) of the seedlings were decreased in the three treatments. Under non-inoculation conditions,the biomass of maize seedlings subjected to drought,high calcium and double stress were3. 2%,63. 7%,76% lower than that of control respectively,while those of Pn were 33. 4%,86. 9%,and 98. 8%. In the same time,under inoculation conditions,compared with the control,the seedling' s biomass in drought,high calciumand double stress were 16. 3%,78. 4%,80. 2% lower,and net photosynthetic rate were 9. 7%,92. 8%,and 91. 7%lower. Additionally,compared to the seedlings without AMF,those vaccinated AMF showed significantly higher biomass,chlorophyll content,transpiration rate( Tr),maximum photochemical efficiency,and absorbed more phosphorus,when subjected to the drought and double stress. On the contrary,in the environment of high calcium,the AMF only enhanced the content of chlorophyll,maximum photochemical efficiency,while there was no increase in terms of plant biomass,Tr and the absorbing amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover,the interaction of AMF × drought and AMF × double stress had significant effects on the Pn of seedlings,while no significant effects of AMF × high Ca were found on the Pn. AM fungi can assist the plant to absorb more phosphorus,enhancing the contents of chlorophyll,improving the activity of light reaction center,increasing the plant stomatal conductance,so as to enhance photosynthesis ability to promote the growth of plant. This research can provide references for a reasonable utilization of AMF and increasing agricultural productivity in the karst ecosystem.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization of maize seedlings ranked control, drought, double stress, then high calcium.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the colonization rate of the AMF to maize seedlings was following the sequence of: control drought double stress high Ca”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought, high calcium and combined stress reduced maize seedling biomass relative to control without inoculation.
- Treatment
- drought,high calcium and double stresse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 3. 2%,63. 7%,76%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under non-inoculation conditions,the biomass of maize seedlings subjected to drought,high calcium and double stress were3. 2%,63. 7%,76% lower than that of control respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought, high calcium and combined stress reduced net photosynthetic rate without inoculation.
- Treatment
- drought,high calcium and double stresse1
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 33. 4%,86. 9%,and 98. 8%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while those of Pn were 33. 4%,86. 9%,and 98. 8%”
e1“Under non-inoculation conditions,the biomass of maize seedlings subjected to drought,high calcium and double stress were3. 2%,63. 7%,76% lower than that of control respectively”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under inoculation, drought, high calcium and combined stress reduced seedling biomass relative to control.
- Treatment
- drought,high calciumand double stresse0
- Outcome
- seedling' s biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 16. 3%,78. 4%,80. 2%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under inoculation conditions,compared with the control,the seedling' s biomass in drought,high calciumand double stress were 16. 3%,78. 4%,80. 2% lower”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Under inoculation, net photosynthetic rate was lower under drought, high calcium and double stress.
- Treatment
- drought,high calciumand double stresse1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 9. 7%,92. 8%,and 91. 7%e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net photosynthetic rate were 9. 7%,92. 8%,and 91. 7%lower”
e1“under inoculation conditions,compared with the control,the seedling' s biomass in drought,high calciumand double stress were 16. 3%,78. 4%,80. 2% lower”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly raised biomass, chlorophyll, transpiration and photochemical efficiency and phosphorus absorption during drought and double stress.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass,chlorophyll content,transpiration rate( Tr),maximum photochemical efficiency,and absorbed more phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- seedlings without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those vaccinated AMF showed significantly higher biomass,chlorophyll content,transpiration rate( Tr),maximum photochemical efficiency,and absorbed more phosphorus,when subjected to the drought and double stress”
e1“compared to the seedlings without AMF”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At high calcium, AMF enhanced chlorophyll content and maximum photochemical efficiency.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll,maximum photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- seedlings without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the environment of high calcium,the AMF only enhanced the content of chlorophyll,maximum photochemical efficiency”
e1“compared to the seedlings without AMF”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
At high calcium, AMF did not increase biomass, transpiration or nitrogen and phosphorus absorption.
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomass,Tr and the absorbing amount of nitrogen and phosphoruse0
- Direction
- no increasee0
- Comparator
- seedlings without AMFe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no increase in terms of plant biomass,Tr and the absorbing amount of nitrogen and phosphorus”
e1“in the environment of high calcium,the AMF only enhanced the content of chlorophyll,maximum photochemical efficiency”
e2“compared to the seedlings without AMF”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF interactions with drought and double stress significantly affected photosynthetic rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction of AMF × drought and AMF × double stress had significant effects on the Pn of seedlings”
t0“maize seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF interaction with high calcium did not significantly affect photosynthetic rate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant effects of AMF × high Ca were found on the Pn”
t0“maize seedlings”
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