Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine agronomic, compositional, and functional changes in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains from plants grown under low-to-moderate salinity stress in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in sodium chloride-containing soil (2 or 4 dS/m(2) electrical conductivity), which was imposed 4-weeks after transplant (called Seedling EC2 and EC4) or after the appearance of the anthers (called Anthesis EC2 and EC4). The former simulates field conditions while the latter permits observation of the isolated effect of salt on grain filling processes. Key findings of this study are the following: (i) Plants showed adaptive responses to prolonged salt treatment with no negative effects on grain weight or fertility. Seedling EC2 plants had more panicles and enhanced caryopsis dimensions, while surprisingly, Seedling EC4 plants did not differ from the control group in the agronomic parameters measured. (ii) Grain starch increased in Seedling EC4 (32.6%) and Anthesis EC2 (39%), respectively, suggesting a stimulatory effect of salt on starch accumulation. (iii) The salinity treatment of 2 dS/m(2) was better tolerated at anthesis than the 4 dS/m(2) treatment as the latter led to reduced grain weight (28.8%) and seed fertility (19.4%) and compensatory increases in protein (20.1%) and nitrogen (19.8%) contents. (iv) Although some salinity treatments led to changes in starch content, these did not alter starch fine structure, morphology, or composition. We observed no differences in reducing sugar and amylose content or starch granule size distribution among any of the treatments. The only alterations in starch were limited to small changes in thermal properties and glucan chain distribution, which were only seen in the Anthesis EC4 treatment. This similarity of compositional and functional features was supported by multivariate analysis of all variables measured, which suggested that differences due to treatments were minimal. Overall, this study documents the specific response of rice under defined conditions, and illustrates that the plasticity of plant response to mild stress is complex and highly context-dependent, even under greenhouse conditions in which other potential environmental stress impacts are minimized.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged salt treatment had no negative effect on rice grain weight or fertility.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- Nipponbaree1
- Treatment
- prolonged salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain weight or fertilitye0
- Direction
- no negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants showed adaptive responses to prolonged salt treatment with no negative effects on grain weight or fertility”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling EC2 rice had more panicles.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling EC2 plants had more panicles and enhanced caryopsis dimensions”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling EC2 rice had enhanced caryopsis dimensions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Seedling EC2e0
- Outcome
- caryopsis dimensionse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling EC2 plants had more panicles and enhanced caryopsis dimensions”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling EC4 rice did not differ from controls in measured agronomic parameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Seedling EC4e0
- Outcome
- agronomic parameters measurede0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling EC4 plants did not differ from the control group in the agronomic parameters measured”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain starch increased by 32.6% in Seedling EC4 rice.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain starch increased in Seedling EC4 (32.6%)”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain starch increased by 39% in Anthesis EC2 rice.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain starch increased in Seedling EC4 (32.6%) and Anthesis EC2 (39%)”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis EC4 reduced rice grain weight by 28.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 4 dS/m(2) treatmente1
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28.8%e0
- Comparator
- 2 dS/m(2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter led to reduced grain weight (28.8%) and seed fertility (19.4%)”
e1“The salinity treatment of 2 dS/m(2) was better tolerated at anthesis than the 4 dS/m(2) treatment”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis EC4 reduced rice seed fertility by 19.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 4 dS/m(2) treatmente1
- Outcome
- seed fertilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19.4%e0
- Comparator
- 2 dS/m(2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter led to reduced grain weight (28.8%) and seed fertility (19.4%)”
e1“The salinity treatment of 2 dS/m(2) was better tolerated at anthesis than the 4 dS/m(2) treatment”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis EC4 increased rice grain protein content by 20.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 4 dS/m(2) treatmente1
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 20.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compensatory increases in protein (20.1%) and nitrogen (19.8%) contents”
e1“4 dS/m(2) treatment”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis EC4 increased rice grain nitrogen content by 19.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- 4 dS/m(2) treatmente1
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 19.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compensatory increases in protein (20.1%) and nitrogen (19.8%) contents”
e1“4 dS/m(2) treatment”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity treatments did not alter rice starch fine structure, morphology, or composition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- salinity treatmentse1
- Outcome
- starch fine structure, morphology, or compositione0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these did not alter starch fine structure, morphology, or composition”
e1“some salinity treatments led to changes in starch content”
e2“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing sugar and amylose content and starch granule size distribution did not differ across rice treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- reducing sugar and amylose content or starch granule size distributione0
- Direction
- no differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no differences in reducing sugar and amylose content or starch granule size distribution among any of the treatments”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis EC4 caused small changes in rice starch thermal properties and glucan chain distribution.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Anthesis EC4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- thermal properties and glucan chain distributione0
- Qualifier
- small changese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small changes in thermal properties and glucan chain distribution, which were only seen in the Anthesis EC4 treatment”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analysis suggested minimal differences among rice treatments in composition and function.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- differences due to treatmentse0
- Direction
- minimale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“multivariate analysis of all variables measured, which suggested that differences due to treatments were minimal”
e1“rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) grains”
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