Abstract
Spermidine (Spd) is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions. Antioxidant activities, endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings. 12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd (1 mmol L−1) and then a chilling stress (6°C, 4 d) was induced, followed by a subsequent recovery (25°C, 4 d). Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content were enhanced significantly, whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery; chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery; additionally, total soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress, and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery; chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, but declined after recovery, and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery; however, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment. The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery. In contrast, exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde, proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism. After recovery, Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts. These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling increased malondialdehyde and proline.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content were enhanced significantly”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
e1“12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd (1 mmol L−1) and then a chilling stress (6°C, 4 d) was induced”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot fresh and dry weights fell during chilling and after recovery.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll increased slightly during chilling.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling-stressede0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll declined after recovery.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
e1“chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and starch rose during chilling.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and starch contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“total soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble sugar and fructose rose after recovery.
Verbatim
e0“only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling increased SOD, POD and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activities declined after recovery.
Verbatim
e0“but declined after recovery, and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
e1“chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling and after recovery.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Four endogenous hormones decreased relative to spermidine pretreatment.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Outcome
- endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- Spd pretreatmente0
Not reportedTreatment
Verbatim
e0“endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling damaged the chloroplast envelope.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse0
- Outcome
- destruction of the chloroplast envelopee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastoglobuli increased and thylakoid membranes were aberrant after recovery.
Verbatim
e0“increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine reduced malondialdehyde, proline and carbohydrate accumulation during chilling.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, proline and carbohydrates accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde, proline and carbohydrates accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased endogenous hormone metabolism.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
e1“endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine treated seedlings had higher antioxidant activities after recovery.
- Taxon
- indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlingst0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine treated seedlings showed normal chloroplast function after recovery.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“normal physiological function of chloroplasts”
t0“indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
spermidine · physiology: oxidative · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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