Abstract
The restoration of riverine riparian areas following mechanical, herbicidal, or biological control of the invasive species tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) is a major issue in the western United States. Recruitment of seedlings of native woody species is necessary in these restoration efforts. Species of willow (Salix) are often considered essential in these efforts. We studied the germination of seeds of tree willow (Salix lutea Nutt.) and coyote willow (S. exigua Nutt.) at a wide range of constant or alternating incubation temperatures. Seeds were collected from native stands in the delta of the Walker River in western Nevada over a 3 year period. Seed germination was very similar for both species. On 2 of the 3 years of testing the seeds had 100% germination at some incubation temperatures and some germination over almost all of the 55 temperature regimes used in the experiments. A late frost in May of 2000 markedly reduced total germination of both species, but did not greatly restrict the temperature regimes where some germination occurred. Optimum germination, defined as that not lower than the maximum observed minus one half the confidence interval at the 0.01 level of probability, occurred over a very wide range of temperatures, but for tree willow only the temperature regimes 15/25 (15 degrees C for 12 hours and 25 degrees C for 8 hours in each 24 hour period) and 15/30 degrees C always supported optimum germination. No temperature regime always supported optimum germination of coyote willow seeds, but the most frequent optima tended to be at lower temperatures than for tree willow. Because of the similarity in germination responses and overlapping phenology, seeds of these 2 species probably compete for germination safesites.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination was very similar in tree and coyote willow.
- Outcome
- Seed germinatione0
SalixOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination was very similar for both species.”
t0“Willow Species”
Claim · model-written summary
In two of three years, willow seeds reached 100% germination at some temperatures and germinated across nearly all 55 regimes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On 2 of the 3 years of testing the seeds had 100% germination at some incubation temperatures and some germination over almost all of the 55 temperature regimes used in the experiments.”
t0“Willow Species”
Claim · model-written summary
The May 2000 late frost markedly reduced total germination of both willow species.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A late frost in May of 2000 markedly reduced total germination of both species”
t0“Willow Species”
Claim · model-written summary
The late frost did not greatly restrict temperatures permitting some willow germination.
- Treatment
- A late frost in May of 2000e0
- Outcome
- temperature regimes where some germination occurrede0
- Direction
- did not greatly restricte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A late frost in May of 2000 markedly reduced total germination of both species, but did not greatly restrict the temperature regimes where some germination occurred.”
t0“Willow Species”
Claim · model-written summary
Tree willow consistently attained optimum germination only at the 15/25 and 15/30 degrees C regimes.
Verbatim
e0“for tree willow only the temperature regimes 15/25 (15 degrees C for 12 hours and 25 degrees C for 8 hours in each 24 hour period) and 15/30 degrees C always supported optimum germination”
Claim · model-written summary
No temperature regime consistently supported optimum germination of coyote willow seeds.
- Taxon
- coyote willow
Salix exiguae0 - Outcome
- optimum germination of coyote willow seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No temperature regime always supported optimum germination of coyote willow seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The most frequent coyote willow germination optima tended toward lower temperatures than tree willow optima.
Verbatim
e0“the most frequent optima tended to be at lower temperatures than for tree willow”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the two willow species probably compete for germination safesites.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of these 2 species probably compete for germination safesites”
t0“Willow Species”
The same questions in other papers
cold · growth · Salix (willows)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.