Abstract
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) is widely used as a vegetable in many countries; however, productivity is adversely affected in areas affected by drought. To investigate the role of exogenously applied ascorbic acid (AsA) in mitigating the negative effects of drought on cauliflower, a pot experiment was performed using two cultivars of cauliflower ‘Local’ and ‘S-78’. Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h. Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC), shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrations, significantly. However, significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2, while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT). No changes were observed in leaf chlorophyll concentrations or in peroxidase (POD) activities, RMP, shoot and root P and K+ ion accumulation, or in total soluble protein concentrations under water stress or non-stress conditions following seed treatment with AsA. ‘Local’ had higher proline concentrations and SOD activities; however, ‘S-78’ had higher RWC values, GB, and AsA concentrations. Overall, a pre-sowing treatment of cauliflower seed with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA improved seedling tolerance to drought stress in both cultivars, which could be attributed to AsA-induced decreases in RMP and H2O2 concentrations, increases in the activities of CAT and SOD, increased RWC, and higher total phenolic compound, proline, GB, and AsA concentrations. The exogenous application of AsA therefore offers an effective strategy to minimise the adverse effects of drought stress on vegetable crops, including cauliflower.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth of cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- Water-deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e0“Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC), shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrations, significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit stress reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations and relative water contents of cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Water-deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e0“Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC), shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrations, significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-deficit stress reduced shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations and total soluble protein concentrations of cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Water-deficit stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e0“Water-deficit stress suppressed plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll concentrations, relative water contents (RWC), shoot and root P and K+ ion concentrations, and total soluble protein concentrations, significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-induced increase in relative membrane permeability of cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- drought-inducede1
- Outcome
- relative membrane permeability (RMP)e1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e1“significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline and glycinebetaine in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- drought-inducede1
- Outcome
- the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB)e1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e1“significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased endogenous AsA and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- drought-inducede1
- Outcome
- endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e1“significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased superoxide dismutase activity in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- drought-inducede1
- Outcome
- the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)e1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e1“significant drought-induced increases were observed in relative membrane permeability (RMP), the accumulation of total phenolic compounds, leaf free proline, glycinebetaine (GB), endogenous AsA, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg per litre AsA lowered hydrogen peroxide accumulation in drought-stressed cauliflower seedlings.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe3
- Outcome
- accumulations of H2O2e3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e2“Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h”
e3“Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment increased shoot and root fresh and dry weights of cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe3
- Outcome
- shoot and root fresh weights and dry weightse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e2“Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h”
e3“Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2”
e4“while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment increased relative water content and total phenolic compounds in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe3
- Outcome
- RWC, total phenolic compounde4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e2“Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h”
e3“Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2”
e4“while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment increased free proline, glycinebetaine and endogenous AsA concentrations in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe3
- Outcome
- free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrationse4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e2“Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h”
e3“Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2”
e4“while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe3
- Outcome
- the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT)e4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Comparator
- water (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e2“Seeds of both cultivars were soaked in 75 mg l–1, or in 150 mg l–1 AsA, or in water (control) for 16 h”
e3“Seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA resulted in lower accumulations of H2O2”
e4“while increasing shoot and root fresh weights and dry weights, RWC, total phenolic compound, free proline, GB, and endogenous AsA concentrations, and the activities of SOD and catalase (CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment did not change leaf chlorophyll concentrations or peroxidase activities in cauliflower under water stress or non-stress conditions.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- seed treatment with AsAe5
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll concentrations or in peroxidase (POD) activitiese5
- Direction
- No changese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e5“No changes were observed in leaf chlorophyll concentrations or in peroxidase (POD) activities, RMP, shoot and root P and K+ ion accumulation, or in total soluble protein concentrations under water stress or non-stress conditions following seed treatment with AsA”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA seed treatment did not change relative membrane permeability, shoot and root P and K+ ion accumulation or total soluble protein concentrations in cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- seed treatment with AsAe5
- Outcome
- RMP, shoot and root P and K+ ion accumulation, or in total soluble protein concentrationse5
- Direction
- No changese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e5“No changes were observed in leaf chlorophyll concentrations or in peroxidase (POD) activities, RMP, shoot and root P and K+ ion accumulation, or in total soluble protein concentrations under water stress or non-stress conditions following seed treatment with AsA”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Local had higher proline concentrations and SOD activities than cultivar S-78.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Material
- Locale6
- Outcome
- proline concentrations and SOD activitiese6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- S-78e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e6“‘Local’ had higher proline concentrations and SOD activities; however, ‘S-78’ had higher RWC values, GB, and AsA concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar S-78 had higher relative water content, glycinebetaine and AsA concentrations than cultivar Local.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Material
- S-78e6
- Outcome
- RWC values, GB, and AsA concentrationse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- Locale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e6“‘Local’ had higher proline concentrations and SOD activities; however, ‘S-78’ had higher RWC values, GB, and AsA concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing seed treatment with 75 or 150 mg per litre AsA improved seedling tolerance to drought stress in both cauliflower cultivars.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- pre-sowing treatment of cauliflower seed with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsAe7
- Outcome
- seedling tolerance to drought stresse7
- Direction
- improvede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e7“a pre-sowing treatment of cauliflower seed with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA improved seedling tolerance to drought stress in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The AsA-induced tolerance could be attributed to lower membrane permeability and hydrogen peroxide concentrations.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- seedling tolerance to drought stresse7
- Qualifier
- AsA-induced decreases in RMP and H2O2 concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e7“a pre-sowing treatment of cauliflower seed with 75 or 150 mg l–1 AsA improved seedling tolerance to drought stress in both cultivars”
e0“could be attributed to AsA-induced decreases in RMP and H2O2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AsA offers an effective strategy to minimise the adverse effects of drought on vegetable crops, including cauliflower.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- minimise the adverse effects of drought stress on vegetable cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“drought-stressed cauliflower”
e0“The exogenous application of AsA therefore offers an effective strategy to minimise the adverse effects of drought stress on vegetable crops, including cauliflower”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.