Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Rhizobacteria (Azotobacter spp.) have improved the quality and quantity of safflower seed protein.Protein quality was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and new bands were found in response to different combinations of rhizobacteria and lower doses of fertilizers.The PGPR application has reduced the use of fertilizers upto 50%. Protein is an essential part of the human diet. The aim of this present study was to improve the protein quality of safflower seed by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in combination with conventional nitrogen and phosphate (NP) fertilizers. The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions. Protein content and quality was assessed by crude protein, amino acid analysis, and SDS-PAGE. Seed crude protein and amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid) showed significant improvements (55-1250%) by Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ) at P ≤ 0.05. Additional protein bands were induced in Thori and Saif-32 by BTQ and BTH (Azotobacter supplemented with a half dose of fertilizer) respectively. The Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH) and BTQ enhanced both indole acetic acid (IAA) (90%) and gibberellic acid (GA) (23-27%) content in safflower leaf. Taken together, these data suggest that Azospirillum and Azotobacter along with significantly reduced (up to 75%) use of NP fertilizers could improve the quality and quantity of safflower seed protein.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a quarter fertilizer dose significantly improved seed crude protein in safflower (55-1250%, P ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- safflower
Carthamus tinctoriuse1 - Material
- Thori and Saif-32e1
- Treatment
- Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ)e2
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere2symbiont - Outcome
- Seed crude proteine2
- Direction
- significant improvementse2
- Value
- 55-1250%e2
- Qualifier
- P ≤ 0.05e2
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Seed crude protein and amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid) showed significant improvements (55-1250%) by Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ) at P ≤ 0.05”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a quarter fertilizer dose significantly improved seed amino acids in safflower (55-1250%, P ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Thori and Saif-32e1
- Treatment
- Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ)e2
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere2symbiont
- Outcome
- amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid)e2
- Direction
- significant improvementse2
- Value
- 55-1250%e2
- Qualifier
- P ≤ 0.05e2
- Setting
- field conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Seed crude protein and amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid) showed significant improvements (55-1250%) by Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ) at P ≤ 0.05”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a quarter fertilizer dose induced additional protein bands in Thori safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Thorie3
- Treatment
- BTQe3
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere3symbiont
- Outcome
- Additional protein bands were inducede3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Additional protein bands were induced in Thori and Saif-32 by BTQ and BTH (Azotobacter supplemented with a half dose of fertilizer) respectively”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a half fertilizer dose induced additional protein bands in Saif-32 safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Material
- Saif-32e3
- Treatment
- Azotobacter supplemented with a half dose of fertilizere3
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere3symbiont
- Outcome
- Additional protein bands were inducede3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Additional protein bands were induced in Thori and Saif-32 by BTQ and BTH (Azotobacter supplemented with a half dose of fertilizer) respectively”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum with a half fertilizer dose enhanced indole acetic acid content in safflower leaf by 90%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH)e4
- Interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume4symbiont - Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 90%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH) and BTQ enhanced both indole acetic acid (IAA) (90%) and gibberellic acid (GA) (23-27%) content in safflower leaf”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a quarter fertilizer dose (BTQ) enhanced indole acetic acid content in safflower leaf by 90%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- BTQe4
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere2symbiont
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 90%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH) and BTQ enhanced both indole acetic acid (IAA) (90%) and gibberellic acid (GA) (23-27%) content in safflower leaf”
e2“Seed crude protein and amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid) showed significant improvements (55-1250%) by Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ) at P ≤ 0.05”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum with a half fertilizer dose enhanced gibberellic acid content in safflower leaf by 23-27%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH)e4
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume4symbiont
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 23-27%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH) and BTQ enhanced both indole acetic acid (IAA) (90%) and gibberellic acid (GA) (23-27%) content in safflower leaf”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter with a quarter fertilizer dose (BTQ) enhanced gibberellic acid content in safflower leaf by 23-27%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- BTQe4
- Interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere2symbiont
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA)e4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Value
- 23-27%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The Azospirillum in combination with half dose of fertilizer (SPH) and BTQ enhanced both indole acetic acid (IAA) (90%) and gibberellic acid (GA) (23-27%) content in safflower leaf”
e2“Seed crude protein and amino acids (methionine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid) showed significant improvements (55-1250%) by Azotobacter supplemented with a quarter dose of fertilizers (BTQ) at P ≤ 0.05”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The PGPR application reduced fertilizer use in safflower by up to 50%.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse1
- Treatment
- PGPR applicatione0
- Outcome
- use of fertilizerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PGPR application has reduced the use of fertilizers upto 50%”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum and Azotobacter with significantly reduced NP fertilizer use (up to 75%) in safflower.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse5
- Treatment
- Azospirillum and Azotobactere5
- Interactor
- AzospirillumAzospirillume5symbiont
- Second interactor
- AzotobacterAzotobactere5symbiont
- Outcome
- use of NP fertilizerse5
- Direction
- significantly reducede5
- Value
- up to 75%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Azospirillum and Azotobacter along with significantly reduced (up to 75%) use of NP fertilizers could improve the quality and quantity of safflower seed protein”
e1“The seeds of two safflower cultivars Thori and Saif-32, were inoculated with Azospirillum and Azotobacter and grown under field conditions”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.