Abstract
Release, localization, and concentration of essential oils in chilling-injured and noninjured lemon [ Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] fruit were investigated to enhance understanding of how chilling injury (CI) occurs in lemon. CI in the form of moderate to severe pitting of the flavedo was initially apparent after 3 weeks at 1 °C, followed by a gradual increase in severity until termination of the experiment after 7 weeks at 1 °C. Curing the fruit at 15 °C for 1 week before cold treatment greatly reduced the severity of CI. Release from the fruit of d-limonene, a major component of essential oil in lemon, increased with increasing amounts of CI. The enhancement of d-limonene release, however, lagged behind the development of CI. Studies of the internal anatomy of the flavedo using confocal microscopy indicated that essential oils were abundantly present inside the oil gland and in oil bodies outside the gland. Chilling-injured flavedo exhibited no obvious disruption of either the oil glands or the oil bodies. Extraction and quantification of d-limonene from chilling-injured and noninjured flavedo indicated that similar amounts of oil were present in the tissue, regardless of injury. Damage to the flavedo after 3 weeks at 1 °C was noted in the form of flattened or collapsed cells between the top of the gland and the epidermis, whereas collapse of the oil gland only was observed in later stages of injury development.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling injury in lemon fruit appeared as moderate to severe pitting of the flavedo after 3 weeks at 1 °C.
- Taxon
- Lemon
Citrus ×limont0 - Organ / stage
- flavedoe1
- Outcome
- moderate to severe pitting of the flavedoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e1“CI in the form of moderate to severe pitting of the flavedo was initially apparent after 3 weeks at 1 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
The severity of chilling injury in lemon increased gradually during the cold storage.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Outcome
- severitye2
- Direction
- gradual increasee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e2“followed by a gradual increase in severity”
Claim · model-written summary
Curing lemon fruit at 15 °C for 1 week before cold treatment greatly reduced the severity of chilling injury.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- Curing the fruit at 15 °C for 1 week before cold treatmente3
- Outcome
- severity of CIe3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e3“Curing the fruit at 15 °C for 1 week before cold treatment greatly reduced the severity of CI”
Claim · model-written summary
Release of d-limonene from lemon fruit increased with increasing amounts of chilling injury.
- Taxon
- lemonCitrus ×limone4
- Compound
- d-limonenee4
- Outcome
- Release from the fruit of d-limonenee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- increasing amounts of CIe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Release from the fruit of d-limonene, a major component of essential oil in lemon, increased with increasing amounts of CI”
Claim · model-written summary
The enhancement of d-limonene release lagged behind the development of chilling injury in lemon.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Compound
- d-limonenee5
- Outcome
- enhancement of d-limonene releasee5
- Direction
- lagged behinde5
- Qualifier
- the development of CIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e5“The enhancement of d-limonene release, however, lagged behind the development of CI”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils were abundantly present inside the oil gland and in oil bodies outside the gland of lemon flavedo.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Organ / stage
- flavedoe6
- Outcome
- essential oils were abundantly presente6
- Qualifier
- inside the oil gland and in oil bodies outside the glande6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e6“Studies of the internal anatomy of the flavedo using confocal microscopy indicated that essential oils were abundantly present inside the oil gland and in oil bodies outside the gland”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling-injured lemon flavedo showed no obvious disruption of the oil glands or the oil bodies.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Organ / stage
- flavedoe7
- Outcome
- disruption of either the oil glands or the oil bodiese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e7“Chilling-injured flavedo exhibited no obvious disruption of either the oil glands or the oil bodies”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling-injured and noninjured lemon flavedo contained similar amounts of d-limonene oil regardless of injury.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Treatment
- chilling-injurede1
- Compound
- d-limonenee1
- Outcome
- amounts of oile1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- noninjured flavedoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e1“Extraction and quantification of d-limonene from chilling-injured and noninjured flavedo indicated that similar amounts of oil were present in the tissue, regardless of injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage to lemon flavedo after 3 weeks at 1 °C appeared as flattened or collapsed cells between the top of the oil gland and the epidermis.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Organ / stage
- flavedoe1
- Outcome
- flattened or collapsed cellse1
- Qualifier
- between the top of the gland and the epidermise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e1“Damage to the flavedo after 3 weeks at 1 °C was noted in the form of flattened or collapsed cells between the top of the gland and the epidermis”
Claim · model-written summary
Collapse of the oil gland alone in lemon flavedo was observed only in later stages of injury development.
- Taxon
- LemonCitrus ×limont0
- Outcome
- collapse of the oil glande1
- Qualifier
- in later stages of injury developmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Essential Oils and Chilling Injury in Lemon”
e1“whereas collapse of the oil gland only was observed in later stages of injury development”
The same questions in other papers
cold · crop injury · Citrus x limon (lemon)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.