Abstract
Preliminary greenhouse studies indicated the presence of a synergistic interaction between low rates of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl)urea] or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] in combination with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] or chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea]. In a 3-yr field study, moderate injury of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions. Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha. These interactions were not apparent in soybean yield data. Soybean injury the third year ranged from 30 to 60% with single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromuron, although yields were not affected. Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively, injured soybeans, but did not reduce yields. Significant synergistic interactions were observed through injury and yield measurements after two annual applications of fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron or chlorbromuron. A synergistic interaction was detected in soybean yields with chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha preceded by two annual applications of diuron at 3.36 kg/ha. Such interactions may occur under field conditions, but are unlikely to be economically significant. Chemical analysis indicated little evidence of accumulation, even with repeated application of fluometuron or diuron at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton moderate injury was reported under fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Material
- Stoneville 213e0
- Treatment
- fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- moderate injurye0
- Direction
- moderatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate injury of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield reduction was reported under fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- Stoneville 213e0
- Treatment
- fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- noe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate injury of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton injury was reported under higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively).
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- Stoneville 213e0
- Treatment
- higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively)e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate injury of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield reductions was reported under higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively).
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum L.Gossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- Stoneville 213e0
- Treatment
- higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively)e0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- causede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate injury of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean injury showed a synergistic interaction involving fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- Hille0
- Treatment
- fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- injury ratingse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean injury showed a synergistic interaction involving fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Glycine max (L.) Merr.Glycine maxe0
- Material
- Hille0
- Treatment
- fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- injury ratingse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean injury showed a synergistic interaction involving diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Glycine max (L.) Merr.Glycine maxe0
- Material
- Hille0
- Treatment
- diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- injury ratingse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
These herbicide interactions were not apparent in soybean yield data.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Outcome
- soybean yield datae0
- Direction
- not apparente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These interactions were not apparent in soybean yield data”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Single or repeated linuron or chlorbromuron applications caused 30 to 60% soybean injury in year three.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromurone0
- Outcome
- Soybean injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 30 to 60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean injury the third year ranged from 30 to 60% with single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromuron, although yields were not affected”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yields were unaffected by single or repeated linuron or chlorbromuron applications in year three.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromurone0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean injury the third year ranged from 30 to 60% with single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromuron, although yields were not affected”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual fluometuron and diuron injured soybean after two years of application.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- soybeanse0
- Direction
- injurede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively, injured soybeans, but did not reduce yields”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual fluometuron and diuron did not reduce soybean yields.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively, injured soybeans, but did not reduce yields”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two annual fluometuron applications combined with linuron or chlorbromuron showed significant synergistic effects on soybean injury and yield.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- two annual applications of fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron or chlorbromurone0
- Outcome
- injury and yield measurementse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant synergistic interactions were observed through injury and yield measurements after two annual applications of fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron or chlorbromuron”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorbromuron after two annual diuron applications produced a synergistic interaction in soybean yields.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha preceded by two annual applications of diuron at 3.36 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A synergistic interaction was detected in soybean yields with chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha preceded by two annual applications of diuron at 3.36 kg/ha”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical analysis found little evidence of fluometuron or diuron accumulation after repeated application.
- Taxon
- Soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- repeated application of fluometuron or diuron at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Direction
- little evidencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chemical analysis indicated little evidence of accumulation, even with repeated application of fluometuron or diuron at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
The same questions in other papers
linuron · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 13 papers →fluometuron · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
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See all 22 papers →diuron · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
linuron · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
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See all 7 papers →diuron · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 8 papers →fluometuron · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Chlorbromuron · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
diuron · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.