Abstract
Dormant scions of the diploid apple varieties Yellow Bellflower, Cortland, Sandow and Golden Russet were treated with 3500–4000r of X-rays and grafted into grown trees by the framework method, inserting 100 to 200 scions per tree. Typical abnormalities in the leaves and bifurcation of the branches were observed in the early growth from the scions. The X-rays also caused an abnormal short thick shoot development and induced early formation of the flower buds. During the second season, grafting these buds produced a total of about 200 apples, many of them of giant size and irregular in shape. Of 150 apples carefully examined when picked, nine were found to be sectorial color chimaeras. Color changes were observed in the direction of both more and less red color. A comparison of the picked fruit from the X-rayed scions with a sample of 150 apples from non X-rayed trees showed both more and wider sectors in the fruit from the X-rayed scions. The results indicate that X-rays may be used as an artificial method of inducing color gene mutations in apples.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
X-rayed apple scions showed leaf abnormalities and branch bifurcation.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“APPLES”
e0“Typical abnormalities in the leaves and bifurcation of the branches were observed in the early growth from the scions.”
e1“The X-rays also caused an abnormal short thick shoot development”
Claim · model-written summary
X-rays caused short, thick shoots and early flower-bud formation in apples.
- Taxon
- APPLESt0
- Treatment
- X-rayse0
- Outcome
- abnormal short thick shoot development and induced early formation of the flower budse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“APPLES”
e0“The X-rays also caused an abnormal short thick shoot development and induced early formation of the flower buds.”
Claim · model-written summary
About 200 apples formed from grafted buds in the second season, many giant and irregular.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- apples, many of them of giant size and irregular in shapee0
- Value
- about 200 applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the second season, grafting these buds produced a total of about 200 apples, many of them of giant size and irregular in shape.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine of 150 examined apples were sectorial color chimaeras.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- sectorial color chimaerase0
- Value
- ninee0
- Qualifier
- 150 applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of 150 apples carefully examined when picked, nine were found to be sectorial color chimaeras.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit color changed toward both more and less red.
Verbatim
t0“APPLES”
e0“Color changes were observed in the direction of both more and less red color.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from X-rayed apple scions had more and wider color sectors than fruit from untreated trees.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- X-rayed scionse0
- Outcome
- sectorse0
- Direction
- more and widere0
- Comparator
- non X-rayed treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLES”
e0“A comparison of the picked fruit from the X-rayed scions with a sample of 150 apples from non X-rayed trees showed both more and wider sectors in the fruit from the X-rayed scions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that X-rays may induce apple color-gene mutations.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- X-rays may be used as an artificial method of inducing color gene mutationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicate that X-rays may be used as an artificial method of inducing color gene mutations in apples.”
The same questions in other papers
radiation · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.