Abstract
Insect pests in stored wheat cause significant losses and play an important role in the dispersal of viable fungal spores of various species including aflatoxin producing Aspergillus parasiticus. The problem of insecticide resistance in stored insects and environmental hazards associated with fumigants and conventional grain protectants underscore the need to explore reduced risk insecticides to control stored insects with the ultimate effect on aflatoxin production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of four biorational insecticides: spinosad, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and indoxacarb, on wheat grains artificially infested with Rhyzopertha dominica/Sitophilus oryzae and/or A. parasiticus spores, and the subsequent effect on aflatoxin production. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides against R. dominica compared to S. oryzae followed by imidacloprid. Spinosad applied at 0.25-1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrations resulted in complete mortality of R. dominica. However, indoxacarb was more toxic against S. oryzae compared to R. dominica. Wheat grains inoculated with R. dominica/S. oryzae +spores elicited higher aflatoxin levels than wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+spores. In all the treatment combinations containing insects, aflatoxin production was dependent on insects' survival rate. In addition, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had also a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production. Aflatoxin levels were lower in the treatment combinations with any concentration of thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+spores as compared to wheat grains inoculated with spores only. Correlation analyses revealed highly significant and positive association between moisture contents/insect survival rate and production of aflatoxin levels, and insect survival rate and moisture contents of the wheat grains. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide baseline data on the use of biorational insecticides against R. dominica and S. oryzae and subsequent effect on aflatoxin production.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides against R. dominica, more than imidacloprid.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Spinosad and thiamethoxame1
- Interactor
- R. dominica
Rhyzopertha dominicae1pest - Outcome
- most effective insecticides against R. dominicae1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
- Comparator
- S. oryzaee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides against R. dominica compared to S. oryzae followed by imidacloprid”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad at 0.25-1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm caused complete mortality of R. dominica in wheat grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosad applied at 0.25-1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrationse2
- Interactor
- R. dominicaRhyzopertha dominicae2pest
- Outcome
- complete mortality of R. dominicae2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Spinosad applied at 0.25-1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrations resulted in complete mortality of R. dominica”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb was more toxic against S. oryzae than against R. dominica.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- indoxacarbe3
- Interactor
- S. oryzae
Sitophilus oryzaee3pest - Outcome
- toxic against S. oryzaee3
- Direction
- more toxice3
- Comparator
- R. dominicae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“indoxacarb was more toxic against S. oryzae compared to R. dominica”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grains inoculated with R. dominica/S. oryzae and spores had higher aflatoxin levels than grains with or without insecticide and spores.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- R. dominica/S. oryzae +sporese4
- Interactor
- R. dominicaRhyzopertha dominicae4pest
- Second interactor
- S. oryzaeSitophilus oryzaee4pest
- Outcome
- aflatoxin levelse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+sporese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Wheat grains inoculated with R. dominica/S. oryzae +spores elicited higher aflatoxin levels than wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+spores”
Claim · model-written summary
In insect-containing treatments, aflatoxin production increased with insect survival rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- containing insectse5
- Outcome
- aflatoxin productione5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- dependent on insects' survival ratee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In all the treatment combinations containing insects, aflatoxin production was dependent on insects' survival rate”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- thiamethoxam and imidaclopride6
- Outcome
- aflatoxin productione6
- Direction
- reducinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In addition, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had also a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Aflatoxin levels were lower with any concentration of thiamethoxam or imidacloprid plus spores than with spores only.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+sporese7
- Outcome
- Aflatoxin levelse7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Comparator
- wheat grains inoculated with spores onlye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Aflatoxin levels were lower in the treatment combinations with any concentration of thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+spores as compared to wheat grains inoculated with spores only”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture content and insect survival rate were positively associated with aflatoxin production in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- moisture contents/insect survival ratee7
- Outcome
- production of aflatoxin levelse7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Correlation analyses revealed highly significant and positive association between moisture contents/insect survival rate and production of aflatoxin levels”
t0“stored wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect survival rate and moisture content of wheat grains were positively associated.
- Taxon
- wheat grainsTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- insect survival ratee7
- Outcome
- moisture contents of the wheat grainse7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“insect survival rate and moisture contents of the wheat grains”
t0“stored wheat”
The same questions in other papers
imidacloprid · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
thiamethoxam · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
spinosad · Rhyzopertha dominica · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
10 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.