Abstract
Abstract A 3-yr field study was conducted to determine the effect of biological control formulations of nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, peanut cultivars, and fungicides on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. Formulation treatments consisted of (a) no biocontrol treatment, (b) the fungi cultured on rice via solid-state fermentation, (c) conidia of the fungi coated onto the surface of rice, and (d) conidia coated onto the surface of wheat (year one) or hulled barley (years two and three). Experiments consisted of factorial combinations of the four formulation treatments, two peanut cultivars (Florunner or Georgia Green), and two fungicide treatments (chlorothalonil or combinations of chlorothalonil and tebuconazole). Florunner and Georgia Green peanuts were each planted in 32 individual plots consisting of six rows 15.2 m in length. Biological control formulations, consisting of a mixture of nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus (NRRL 21882) and A. parasiticus (NRRL 21369), were applied to the same plots in each of the 3 yr at a rate of 56 kg/ha. Foliar applications of fungicides were made as recommended for control of leaf spot, with one treatment being full-season applications of chlorothalonil, and the other being two applications of chlorothalonil followed by four applications of tebuconazole and remaining applications of chlorothalonil. Only in year two of the study was late-season drought sufficient to produce preharvest aflatoxin contamination. All biocontrol formulation treatments produced significant reductions in aflatoxin compared with untreated controls, averaging 81%. There was also a significant cultivar effect on aflatoxin with Georgia Green averaging 119 μg/kg compared with 402 μg/kg for Florunner. No differences were observed between the two fungicide treatments, and there was no interaction among the three factors. Analysis of soil for populations of A. flavus and A. parasiticus throughout the study showed that all formulations, except the conidia-coated wheat in the first year, were effective in delivering competitive levels of the nontoxigenic strains. In the third year, which did not result in significant aflatoxin contamination, analysis of peanuts for fungal colonization showed no significant differences among biocontrol treatments (including control) for total amounts of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in peanuts. However, the incidence of toxigenic isolates in peanuts was significantly reduced by all three biocontrol formulations.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season drought sufficient to produce preharvest aflatoxin contamination occurred only in year two of the study.
- Taxon
- Peanuts
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- late-season droughte0
- Outcome
- preharvest aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Qualifier
- Only in year twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“Only in year two of the study was late-season drought sufficient to produce preharvest aflatoxin contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
All biocontrol formulation treatments with nontoxigenic Aspergillus strains significantly reduced aflatoxin compared with untreated controls, by 81% on average.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biocontrol formulation treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergillust1pathogen - Outcome
- aflatoxine0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 81%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
t1“Aspergillus”
e0“All biocontrol formulation treatments produced significant reductions in aflatoxin compared with untreated controls, averaging 81%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar had a significant effect on aflatoxin: Georgia Green averaged 119 ug/kg versus 402 ug/kg for Florunner.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Material
- Georgia Greene0
- Outcome
- aflatoxine0
- Value
- 119 μg/kge0
- Qualifier
- 402 μg/kg for Florunnere0
- Comparator
- Florunnere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“There was also a significant cultivar effect on aflatoxin with Georgia Green averaging 119 μg/kg compared with 402 μg/kg for Florunner”
Claim · model-written summary
No differences were observed between the two fungicide treatments.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- two fungicide treatmentse0
- Direction
- No differencese0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“No differences were observed between the two fungicide treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no interaction among the three factors (biocontrol formulation, cultivar and fungicide).
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- no interaction among the three factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“there was no interaction among the three factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil analysis showed that all formulations except conidia-coated wheat in the first year delivered competitive levels of the nontoxigenic strains.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- delivering competitive levels of the nontoxigenic strainse0
- Qualifier
- except the conidia-coated wheat in the first yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“all formulations, except the conidia-coated wheat in the first year, were effective in delivering competitive levels of the nontoxigenic strains”
Claim · model-written summary
In the third year, peanut fungal colonization showed no significant differences among biocontrol treatments, including the control, in total A. flavus and A. parasiticus.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biocontrol treatmentse0
- Interactor
- A. flavus and A. parasiticus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus parasiticuse0pathogen - Outcome
- total amounts of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in peanutse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“analysis of peanuts for fungal colonization showed no significant differences among biocontrol treatments (including control) for total amounts of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
The incidence of toxigenic isolates in peanuts was significantly reduced by all three biocontrol formulations.
- Taxon
- PeanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- all three biocontrol formulationse0
- Outcome
- incidence of toxigenic isolates in peanutse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peanuts”
e0“the incidence of toxigenic isolates in peanuts was significantly reduced by all three biocontrol formulations”
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See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.