Abstract
Fruit set is the major determinant of productivity in almond [ Prunus dulcis (Mill D.A. Webb)] where seed is the commercial product. Boron influences flowering and fruit set in a number of crops, but little has been reported on this subject in almond. Here, we investigated the effect of a fall foliar application of B on fruit set and tissue B concentration in open pollinated `Butte' and `Mono' almond over a 2-year period. Early fall B application significantly increased the vegetative, floral, and fruit tissue B concentration in the subsequent year. The greatest increase in organ B concentration was observed in flower buds, flowers, and hulls. Recent work has demonstrated that B forms a B-sorbitol complex in Prunus species. This B-sorbitol complex is phloem mobile and is transported to sink organs. Here we demonstrate that fall-applied B is absorbed by the leaf and is subsequently transported (presumably as the B-sorbitol complex) to floral buds where it is available to flowers and, hence, influences fruit set and yield. It is concluded that fall foliar-applied B is a useful fertilization strategy that can be used to optimize tissue B concentration in species in which B is phloem mobile. Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in `Butte' and `Mono' and increased yield of `Butte' in 1994 on open-pollinated trees (yield was not determined in 1993). The highest initial and second fruit set was associated with either the 245 or 490 ppm B treatments in both cultivars and both years. This increased fruit set resulted in yield increases of 53% and 4%, respectively, for `Butte' and `Mono'. Of the two cultivars, `Butte', which had lower tissue B concentration before B application, responded more significantly in yield to B application. Application of 735 ppm B was less effective than either 245 and 490 ppm B; however, no visual symptoms of excess B were observed.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Early fall boron application significantly increased vegetative, floral, and fruit tissue boron in the following year.
- Taxon
- Almond
Prunus dulcist0 - Organ / stage
- vegetative, floral, and fruit tissuee0
- Treatment
- Early fall B applicatione0
- Outcome
- vegetative, floral, and fruit tissue B concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early fall B application significantly increased the vegetative, floral, and fruit tissue B concentration in the subsequent year.”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower buds, flowers, and hulls showed the greatest boron concentration increase.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Organ / stage
- flower buds, flowers, and hullse0
- Outcome
- organ B concentratione0
- Direction
- greatest increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest increase in organ B concentration was observed in flower buds, flowers, and hulls.”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied boron was absorbed by leaves and subsequently transported to floral buds.
- Organ / stage
- floral budse0
- Treatment
- fall-applied Be0
- Outcome
- absorbed by the leaf and is subsequently transportede0
- Qualifier
- presumably as the B-sorbitol complexe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“fall-applied B is absorbed by the leaf and is subsequently transported (presumably as the B-sorbitol complex) to floral buds”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron at 245 or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in Butte almond.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- `Butte'e0
- Treatment
- Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppme0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in `Butte' and `Mono'”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron at 245 or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in Mono almond.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- `Mono'e0
- Treatment
- Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppme0
- Outcome
- fruit sete0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in `Butte' and `Mono'”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron application increased Butte yield by 53%.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- `Butte'e0
- Treatment
- Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppme1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 53%e0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increased fruit set resulted in yield increases of 53% and 4%, respectively, for `Butte' and `Mono'.”
e1“Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in `Butte' and `Mono' and increased yield of `Butte' in 1994 on open-pollinated trees”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron application increased Mono yield by 4%.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Material
- `Mono'e0
- Treatment
- Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppme1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This increased fruit set resulted in yield increases of 53% and 4%, respectively, for `Butte' and `Mono'.”
e1“Boron applied at 245 and/or 490 ppm significantly increased fruit set in `Butte' and `Mono'”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
Butte, with lower pre-application tissue boron, had a stronger yield response than Mono.
- Material
- `Butte'e0
- Treatment
- B applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- responded more significantlye0
- Qualifier
- lower tissue B concentration before B applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Of the two cultivars, `Butte', which had lower tissue B concentration before B application, responded more significantly in yield to B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 735 ppm boron application was less effective than 245 or 490 ppm.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- Application of 735 ppm Be0
- Outcome
- less effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- 245 and 490 ppm Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 735 ppm B was less effective than either 245 and 490 ppm B”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
No visible symptoms of excess boron were observed at the tested application rate.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- Application of 735 ppm Be1
- Outcome
- visual symptoms of excess Be0
- Direction
- no visual symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no visual symptoms of excess B were observed”
e1“Application of 735 ppm B was less effective than either 245 and 490 ppm B”
t0“Almond”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend fall foliar boron fertilization to optimize tissue boron in species where boron is phloem mobile.
- Taxon
- AlmondPrunus dulcist0
- Treatment
- fall foliar-applied Be0
- Outcome
- optimize tissue B concentratione0
- Qualifier
- species in which B is phloem mobilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fall foliar-applied B is a useful fertilization strategy that can be used to optimize tissue B concentration in species in which B is phloem mobile”
t0“Almond”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · nutrient: content · Prunus dulcis (almond)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
boron atom · yield · Prunus dulcis (almond)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.