Abstract
Grape ripening is affected by a number of environmental factors, and of these light and nitrogen (N) are of particular importance. Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines, we studied the effects of N availability at bloom (0.34, 1.7, or 3.4 g N per plant as NH4NO3) and light intensity at veraison (3 weeks at 100%, 20%, or 2% sunlight, using shade cloth) on the accumulation of total phenols, anthocyanins and flavonols in ripening grapes. Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols (r2 = 0.91***), total anthocyanins (r2 = 0.90***) and total flavonols (r2 = 0.52***) in the skin in all treatments. High rates of N supply delayed the accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonols, in the grape skin at veraison. However, the differences between N treatments generally decreased towards fruit maturity. Low light intensity at veraison restricted phenolics accumulation even more than did heavy N supply and the effects of low light were most severe in vines with high N status. However, ripening was not stopped entirely by light intensities as low as the light compensation point of photosynthesis. Moreover, removal of the shade cloth partly restored the rate of phenolics accumulation in the berry skin. All five anthocyanins started accumulating concurrently at the inception of ripening. However, while peonidin-, malvidin-, and cyanidin-3-glucosides were the major pigments at veraison, malvidin- and delphinidin-3-glucosides became most abundant towards maturity. The accumulation of cyanidin-3-glucoside was most strongly influenced by prevailing environmental conditions, while malvidin-3-glucoside was the least affected. Thus, the proportions of individual anthocyanins were most equal at low N status and high light intensity, whereas the percentage of malvidin-3-glucoside increased with high rates of N fertilization and became predominant under low light intensity. This is important for red winemaking, because the grape skins9 anthocyanin profile determines the color potential of the resulting wine. Excessive N fertilization can decrease wine quality, particularly when light conditions during grape ripening are poor.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols in the skin (r2 = 0.91).
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae1 - Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- skine2
- Outcome
- total phenolse2
- Value
- r2 = 0.91e2
- Qualifier
- total soluble solids in the pulpe2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols (r2 = 0.91***), total anthocyanins (r2 = 0.90***) and total flavonols (r2 = 0.52***) in the skin in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total anthocyanins in the skin (r2 = 0.90).
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- skine2
- Outcome
- total anthocyaninse2
- Value
- r2 = 0.90e2
- Qualifier
- total soluble solids in the pulpe2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols (r2 = 0.91***), total anthocyanins (r2 = 0.90***) and total flavonols (r2 = 0.52***) in the skin in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total flavonols in the skin (r2 = 0.52).
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- skine2
- Outcome
- total flavonolse2
- Value
- r2 = 0.52e2
- Qualifier
- total soluble solids in the pulpe2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Total soluble solids in the pulp were closely correlated with total phenols (r2 = 0.91***), total anthocyanins (r2 = 0.90***) and total flavonols (r2 = 0.52***) in the skin in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
High N supply delayed the accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonols, in grape skin at veraison.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- grape skin at veraisone2
- Treatment
- High rates of N supplye2
- Outcome
- accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonolse2
- Direction
- delayede2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“High rates of N supply delayed the accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonols, in the grape skin at veraison”
Claim · model-written summary
Low light intensity at veraison restricted phenolics accumulation more than heavy N supply did.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- Low light intensity at veraisone2
- Outcome
- phenolics accumulatione2
- Direction
- restrictede2
- Comparator
- heavy N supplye2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Low light intensity at veraison restricted phenolics accumulation even more than did heavy N supply”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of low light were most severe in vines with high N status.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- low lighte2
- Outcome
- effects of low lighte2
- Direction
- most severee2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“the effects of low light were most severe in vines with high N status”
Claim · model-written summary
Ripening was not stopped entirely at light intensities as low as the light compensation point of photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- light intensities as low as the light compensation point of photosynthesise2
- Outcome
- ripeninge2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“ripening was not stopped entirely by light intensities as low as the light compensation point of photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the shade cloth partly restored the rate of phenolics accumulation in berry skin.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- berry skine2
- Treatment
- removal of the shade clothe2
- Outcome
- rate of phenolics accumulatione2
- Direction
- partly restorede2
- Comparator
- shade clothe2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“removal of the shade cloth partly restored the rate of phenolics accumulation in the berry skin”
Claim · model-written summary
All five anthocyanins started accumulating concurrently at the inception of ripening.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- inception of ripeninge2
- Outcome
- anthocyanins started accumulating concurrentlye2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“All five anthocyanins started accumulating concurrently at the inception of ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Peonidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the major pigments at veraison.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- veraisone2
- Outcome
- peonidin-, malvidin-, and cyanidin-3-glucosides were the major pigmentse2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“while peonidin-, malvidin-, and cyanidin-3-glucosides were the major pigments at veraison”
Claim · model-written summary
Malvidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside became most abundant towards maturity.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- towards maturitye2
- Outcome
- malvidin- and delphinidin-3-glucosides became most abundante2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“malvidin- and delphinidin-3-glucosides became most abundant towards maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulation of cyanidin-3-glucoside was most strongly influenced by prevailing environmental conditions.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- prevailing environmental conditionse2
- Outcome
- accumulation of cyanidin-3-glucosidee2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“The accumulation of cyanidin-3-glucoside was most strongly influenced by prevailing environmental conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Malvidin-3-glucoside was the least affected anthocyanin by the prevailing conditions.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Outcome
- malvidin-3-glucosidee2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“while malvidin-3-glucoside was the least affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Proportions of individual anthocyanins were most equal at low N status and high light intensity.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- low N status and high light intensitye2
- Outcome
- proportions of individual anthocyaninse2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Thus, the proportions of individual anthocyanins were most equal at low N status and high light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage of malvidin-3-glucoside increased with high rates of N fertilization.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- high rates of N fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- percentage of malvidin-3-glucosidee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“the percentage of malvidin-3-glucoside increased with high rates of N fertilization and became predominant under low light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Malvidin-3-glucoside became predominant under low light intensity.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Treatment
- low light intensitye2
- Outcome
- percentage of malvidin-3-glucosidee2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“the percentage of malvidin-3-glucoside increased with high rates of N fertilization and became predominant under low light intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences between N treatments generally decreased towards fruit maturity.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Material
- Cabernet Sauvignone1
- Organ / stage
- fruit maturitye2
- Treatment
- N treatmentse2
- Outcome
- differences between N treatmentse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- generallye2
- Setting
- pot-growne1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“the differences between N treatments generally decreased towards fruit maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that excessive N fertilization can decrease wine quality, particularly when light during ripening is poor.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae1
- Treatment
- Excessive N fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- wine qualitye2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Qualifier
- particularly when light conditions during grape ripening are poore2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Using pot-grown Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) vines”
e2“Excessive N fertilization can decrease wine quality, particularly when light conditions during grape ripening are poor”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
shade · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
9 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →light · quality: phytochemicals · Vitis vinifera (wine grape)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.