Abstract
A filed experiment was done to develop management practices to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides, in the arid and semi-arid agricultural ecosystems of north east of Iran. Five treatments including I: chopped residues of canola (Brasica vulgaris), II: chopped residues of wheat (Triticum aestivum) both were separately incorporated to 25 cm depth soil, 20 days before sowing, III: shoot aqueous extract of canola, IV: shoot aqueous extract of wheat which were separately sprayed at post emergence stage and V: without any residues and spraying as control. The weed control treatments reduced the total weed cover, weed density and biomass of weed. The reduction in weed density with canola and wheat residues incorporation were up to 67.5 and 62.2% respectively, at 40 days after sowing and 65.3 and 75.6%, respectively, at 90 days after sowing, compared to control. However, post emergence spraying of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat, suppressed weed density up to 41.8 and 36.6% at 40 days after sowing and 54.2 and 52.7% at 90 days after sowing respectively, compared to control. Weed control treatments reduced weed cover (%), weed biomass and weeds stem length. Incorporation of canola and wheat residues in soil reduced weed cover (%) by 62.5 and 63% respectively, while spraying of shoot water extract of canola and wheat suppressed weed cover (%) by 39.6 and 40.4% respectively at 90 days after sowing. Application of canola and wheat residues increased soybean yield by 45.4 and 69.5% respectively, compared to control while post emergence application of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat increased soybean yield by 22 and 29.8% respectively.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-control treatments reduced total weed cover, density and biomass.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- weed control treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- total weed cover, weed density and biomass of weede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The weed control treatments reduced the total weed cover, weed density and biomass of weed”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“without any residues and spraying as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola residues reduced weed density by up to 67.5% at 40 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- canolae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 67.5e0
- Qualifier
- 40 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in weed density with canola and wheat residues incorporation were up to 67.5 and 62.2% respectively, at 40 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“65.3 and 75.6%, respectively, at 90 days after sowing, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residues reduced weed density by up to 62.2% at 40 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheat residues incorporatione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 40 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in weed density with canola and wheat residues incorporation were up to 67.5 and 62.2% respectively, at 40 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“65.3 and 75.6%, respectively, at 90 days after sowing, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola residues reduced weed density by 65.3% at 90 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- canolae1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 65.3e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“65.3 and 75.6%, respectively, at 90 days after sowing, compared to control”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“The reduction in weed density with canola and wheat residues incorporation were up to 67.5 and 62.2% respectively, at 40 days after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residues reduced weed density by 75.6% at 90 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheat residues incorporatione1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 75.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“65.3 and 75.6%, respectively, at 90 days after sowing, compared to control”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“The reduction in weed density with canola and wheat residues incorporation were up to 67.5 and 62.2% respectively, at 40 days after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola shoot extract suppressed weed density by up to 41.8% at 40 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shoot aqueous extract of canolae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 41.8e0
- Qualifier
- 40 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post emergence spraying of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat, suppressed weed density up to 41.8 and 36.6% at 40 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“54.2 and 52.7% at 90 days after sowing respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot extract suppressed weed density by up to 36.6% at 40 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheate0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 40 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post emergence spraying of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat, suppressed weed density up to 41.8 and 36.6% at 40 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“54.2 and 52.7% at 90 days after sowing respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola shoot extract suppressed weed density by 54.2% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shoot aqueous extract of canolae1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 54.2e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“54.2 and 52.7% at 90 days after sowing respectively, compared to control”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“post emergence spraying of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat, suppressed weed density up to 41.8 and 36.6% at 40 days after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot extract suppressed weed density by 52.7% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheate1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- suppressede1
- Value
- 52.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“54.2 and 52.7% at 90 days after sowing respectively, compared to control”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“post emergence spraying of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat, suppressed weed density up to 41.8 and 36.6% at 40 days after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-control treatments reduced weed cover, biomass and stem length.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Weed control treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed cover (%), weed biomass and weeds stem lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control treatments reduced weed cover (%), weed biomass and weeds stem length”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“without any residues and spraying as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola residue incorporation reduced weed cover by 62.5% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- canolae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62.5e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporation of canola and wheat residues in soil reduced weed cover (%) by 62.5 and 63% respectively”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“spraying of shoot water extract of canola and wheat suppressed weed cover (%) by 39.6 and 40.4% respectively at 90 days after sowing”
e2“without any residues and spraying as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residue incorporation reduced weed cover by 63% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheat residuese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Qualifier
- 90 days after sowinge1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporation of canola and wheat residues in soil reduced weed cover (%) by 62.5 and 63% respectively”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
e1“spraying of shoot water extract of canola and wheat suppressed weed cover (%) by 39.6 and 40.4% respectively at 90 days after sowing”
e2“without any residues and spraying as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola shoot extract suppressed weed cover by 39.6% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- shoot water extract of canolae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 39.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying of shoot water extract of canola and wheat suppressed weed cover (%) by 39.6 and 40.4% respectively at 90 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot extract suppressed weed cover by 40.4% at 90 days.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)Glycine maxt0
- Treatment
- wheate0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed covere0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 40.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying of shoot water extract of canola and wheat suppressed weed cover (%) by 39.6 and 40.4% respectively at 90 days after sowing”
t0“soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola residues increased soybean yield by 45.4% compared with control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- canolae0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.4e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of canola and wheat residues increased soybean yield by 45.4 and 69.5% respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residues increased soybean yield by 69.5% compared with control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- wheat residuese0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 69.5%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of canola and wheat residues increased soybean yield by 45.4 and 69.5% respectively, compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola shoot extract increased soybean yield by 22%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- shoot aqueous extract of canolae0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post emergence application of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat increased soybean yield by 22 and 29.8% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat shoot extract increased soybean yield by 29.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post emergence application of shoot aqueous extract of canola and wheat increased soybean yield by 22 and 29.8% respectively”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.