Abstract
Field experiments were carried out at 2 sites to study the effects of time and rate of nitrogen (N) application from autumn to midwinter on perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture dry matter (DM) yield and species composition. Nitrogen (0, 15, 25, 30, 45, and 60 kg/ha) was applied in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June, and mid-June 1996 onto a grazed pasture. Dry matter yield was estimated when perennial ryegrass in the 45 kg N/ha treatment reached the 3-leaf stage of development. Species composition estimates were made on all plots in autumn, late winter, and late spring (November). Asecond DM yield estimate was taken one regrowth cycle after the primary DM yield estimate to determine residual N impact on pasture growth, and then the pastures were returned to the grazing routine of the farm. Increasing levels of N fertiliser resulted in a linear (Site 1) and curvilinear (Site 2) primary DM yield response. Residual DM yield responses were linear at both sites. The highest primary DM yield response at Site 1 was 9.1 kg DM/kg N (mid-April application), whereas the highest residual N response was 9.4 kg DM/kg N (mid-May application). The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38 (early June application) to 47 (mid-April application) days for the primary harvest, and from 46 (early May application) to 72 (early June application) days for the residual harvest. At Site 2, the highest primary DM yield response to N was 15.8 kg DM/kg N at 45 kg N/ha (mid-April application), whereas the highest residual N response was 8.3 kg DM/kg N (mid-June application). The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 24 (early June application) to 36 (mid-April and early May applications) days for the primary harvest, and from 30 (mid-April) to 57 (early June application) days for the residual harvest. Based on the current cost of urea, the study concluded that N fertiliser use during autumn to midwinter is economically viable for dairy farmers. Botanical composition was unaffected by N application. There were no treatment effects on botanical composition of the sward at either site the following spring (November). It is concluded that a ‘once-off’ strategic N application up to 60 kg N/ha during autumn to midwinter is not likely to influence dairy pasture composition in western Victoria.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertiliser levels gave a linear primary dry matter yield response at Site 1 and a curvilinear one at Site 2 in perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennet0 - Treatment
- Increasing levels of N fertilisere0
- Outcome
- primary DM yield responsee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Setting
- Site 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing levels of N fertiliser resulted in a linear (Site 1) and curvilinear (Site 2) primary DM yield response”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual dry matter yield responses to nitrogen were linear at both sites.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Outcome
- Residual DM yield responsese0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual DM yield responses were linear at both sites”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1 the highest primary dry matter yield response was 9.1 kg DM per kg N, with the mid-April nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- mid-April applicatione0
- Outcome
- primary DM yield responsee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.1 kg DM/kg Ne0
- Setting
- Site 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest primary DM yield response at Site 1 was 9.1 kg DM/kg N (mid-April application)”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1 the highest residual nitrogen response was 9.4 kg DM per kg N, with the mid-May application.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- mid-May applicatione0
- Outcome
- residual N responsee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.4 kg DM/kg Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest residual N response was 9.4 kg DM/kg N (mid-May application)”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1 the 45 kg N/ha treatment took 38 days (early June application) to 47 days (mid-April application) to reach the 3-leaf stage for the primary harvest.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 45 kg N/ha treatmente0
- Outcome
- time takene0
- Value
- 38 (early June application) to 47 (mid-April application) dayse0
- Qualifier
- primary harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38 (early June application) to 47 (mid-April application) days for the primary harvest”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1 the 45 kg N/ha treatment took 46 days (early May application) to 72 days (early June application) to reach the 3-leaf stage for the residual harvest.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 45 kg N/ha treatmente1
- Outcome
- time takene1
- Value
- 46 (early May application) to 72 (early June application) dayse0
- Qualifier
- residual harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from 46 (early May application) to 72 (early June application) days for the residual harvest”
e1“The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2 the highest primary dry matter yield response to nitrogen was 15.8 kg DM per kg N at 45 kg N/ha (mid-April application).
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 45 kg N/ha (mid-April application)e0
- Outcome
- primary DM yield responsee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.8 kg DM/kg Ne0
- Setting
- Site 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Site 2, the highest primary DM yield response to N was 15.8 kg DM/kg N at 45 kg N/ha (mid-April application)”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2 the highest residual nitrogen response was 8.3 kg DM per kg N, with the mid-June application.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- mid-June applicatione0
- Outcome
- residual N responsee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8.3 kg DM/kg Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest residual N response was 8.3 kg DM/kg N (mid-June application)”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2 the 45 kg N/ha treatment took 24 days (early June application) to 36 days (mid-April and early May applications) to reach the 3-leaf stage for the primary harvest.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 45 kg N/ha treatmente1
- Outcome
- time takene1
- Value
- 24 (early June application) to 36 (mid-April and early May applications) dayse0
- Qualifier
- primary harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ranged from 24 (early June application) to 36 (mid-April and early May applications) days for the primary harvest”
e1“The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2 the 45 kg N/ha treatment took 30 days (mid-April) to 57 days (early June application) to reach the 3-leaf stage for the residual harvest.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 45 kg N/ha treatmente1
- Outcome
- time takene1
- Value
- 30 (mid-April) to 57 (early June application) dayse0
- Qualifier
- residual harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“from 30 (mid-April) to 57 (early June application) days for the residual harvest”
e1“The time taken for the 45 kg N/ha treatment to reach the 3-leaf stage of development ranged from 38”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
Based on the current cost of urea, autumn to midwinter nitrogen fertiliser use is concluded to be economically viable for dairy farmers.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N fertiliser use during autumn to midwintere0
- Outcome
- economically viablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on the current cost of urea, the study concluded that N fertiliser use during autumn to midwinter is economically viable for dairy farmers”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical composition of the pasture was unaffected by nitrogen application, with no treatment effects at either site the following spring.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Botanical compositione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Botanical composition was unaffected by N application”
e1“There were no treatment effects on botanical composition of the sward at either site the following spring (November)”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
A once-off strategic nitrogen application of up to 60 kg N/ha in autumn to midwinter is concluded not likely to influence dairy pasture composition in western Victoria.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- strategic N application up to 60 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- dairy pasture compositione0
- Setting
- western Victoriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a ‘once-off’ strategic N application up to 60 kg N/ha during autumn to midwinter is not likely to influence dairy pasture composition in western Victoria”
t0“perennial ryegrass–white clover dairy pastures”
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See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.