Abstract
Abstract A factorial experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of level of nitrogen (N) application to grassland and subsequent treatment of the herbage at ensiling with formic acid on the rate of silage fermentation, dry‐matter (DM) recovery, aerobic stability and effluent production. Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha −1 . The herbages were harvested and yield estimated after a 50‐day regrowth interval. After storage for 24 h in polythene bags, the herbages were ensiled, unwilled, in laboratory silos (6 kg capacity) either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (F) at 3 ml (kg herbage) −1 . Three silos per treatment were opened and sampled on days 1, 3, 6, 15, 50 and 105 after ensiling. The mean herbage yields for the LN, MN and HN swards were 5.2, 6.3 and 6.2 (s.e. = 0.27) t DM ha −1 and there was no carryover effect of nitrogen treatment on the yield of a subsequent 22‐day regrowth harvested on 2 September. As level of fertilizer N application increased, concentrations in the herbage at mowing of crude protein, nitrate and ash increased, DM decreased and water‐soluble carbohydrate and in vitro DM digestibility remained unchanged. Increasing the rate of N fertilizer to the sward resulted in higher silage pH ( P < 0.001) and ammonia N concentrations ( P <0.001) at each time of sampling. Increasing the rate of fertilizer N increased effluent output ( P < 0.001) and DM recovery ( P < 0.001). Aerobic stability was improved ( P <0.001) by use of high rates of N fertilizer application. Formic acid treatment restricted fermentation and increased effluent output ( P <0.001) but had no effect ( P > 0.05) on DM recovery. It is concluded that the rate and extent of pH decline was reduced with increasing N application, associated with increased buffering capacity and decreased DM concentrations of the herbage at ensiling. However, increasing the level of N fertilizer applied increased DM recovery and effluent output, and improved aerobic stability of the resulting silages.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen fertilizer rates increased crude protein, nitrate and ash concentrations in perennial ryegrass herbage at mowing.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0 - Organ / stage
- herbagee1
- Treatment
- level of fertilizer N applicatione1
- Outcome
- concentrations in the herbage at mowing of crude protein, nitrate and ashe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“As level of fertilizer N application increased, concentrations in the herbage at mowing of crude protein, nitrate and ash increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen fertilizer rates decreased the DM concentration of perennial ryegrass herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- level of fertilizer N applicatione2
- Outcome
- DMe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e2“As level of fertilizer N application increased, concentrations in the herbage at mowing of crude protein, nitrate and ash increased, DM decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-soluble carbohydrate and in vitro DM digestibility of the herbage were unchanged by nitrogen fertilizer rate.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- level of fertilizer N applicatione1
- Outcome
- water‐soluble carbohydrate and in vitro DM digestibilitye3
- Direction
- remained unchangede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“As level of fertilizer N application increased, concentrations in the herbage at mowing of crude protein, nitrate and ash increased”
e3“water‐soluble carbohydrate and in vitro DM digestibility remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate to the sward resulted in higher silage pH at each sampling time.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- rate of N fertilizer to the swarde4
- Outcome
- silage pHe4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- at each time of samplinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e4“Increasing the rate of N fertilizer to the sward resulted in higher silage pH ( P < 0.001) and ammonia N concentrations ( P <0.001) at each time of sampling”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased ammonia N concentrations in the silage at each sampling time.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- rate of N fertilizer to the swarde4
- Outcome
- ammonia N concentrationse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- at each time of samplinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e4“Increasing the rate of N fertilizer to the sward resulted in higher silage pH ( P < 0.001) and ammonia N concentrations ( P <0.001) at each time of sampling”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased effluent output from the silage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- rate of fertilizer Ne5
- Outcome
- effluent outpute5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e5“Increasing the rate of fertilizer N increased effluent output ( P < 0.001) and DM recovery ( P < 0.001)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate increased DM recovery of the silage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- rate of fertilizer Ne5
- Outcome
- DM recoverye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e5“Increasing the rate of fertilizer N increased effluent output ( P < 0.001) and DM recovery ( P < 0.001)”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen fertilizer rates improved the aerobic stability of the silage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- high rates of N fertilizer applicatione6
- Outcome
- Aerobic stabilitye6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e6“Aerobic stability was improved ( P <0.001) by use of high rates of N fertilizer application”
Claim · model-written summary
Formic acid treatment restricted silage fermentation compared with untreated herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Formic acid treatmente7
- Outcome
- fermentatione7
- Direction
- restrictede7
- Comparator
- untreated (UT)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e7“Formic acid treatment restricted fermentation and increased effluent output ( P <0.001) but had no effect ( P > 0.05) on DM recovery”
e6“either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (F)”
Claim · model-written summary
Formic acid treatment increased silage effluent output compared with untreated herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Formic acid treatmente7
- Outcome
- effluent outpute7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Comparator
- untreated (UT)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e7“Formic acid treatment restricted fermentation and increased effluent output ( P <0.001) but had no effect ( P > 0.05) on DM recovery”
e6“either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (F)”
Claim · model-written summary
Formic acid treatment had no effect on DM recovery compared with untreated herbage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Formic acid treatmente7
- Outcome
- DM recoverye7
- Direction
- had no effecte7
- Comparator
- untreated (UT)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e7“Formic acid treatment restricted fermentation and increased effluent output ( P <0.001) but had no effect ( P > 0.05) on DM recovery”
e6“either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (F)”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate and extent of silage pH decline were reduced with increasing nitrogen application, associated with increased buffering capacity and decreased herbage DM concentration at ensiling.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- increasing N applicatione1
- Outcome
- rate and extent of pH declinee1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- associated with increased buffering capacitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“It is concluded that the rate and extent of pH decline was reduced with increasing N application, associated with increased buffering capacity and decreased DM concentrations of the herbage at ensiling”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean herbage yield of the low-nitrogen (72 kg N ha) swards was 5.2 t DM ha.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 72 (LN)e0
- Outcome
- mean herbage yieldse1
- Value
- 5.2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“The mean herbage yields for the LN, MN and HN swards were 5.2, 6.3 and 6.2 (s.e. = 0.27) t DM ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean herbage yield of the medium-nitrogen (126 kg N ha) swards was 6.3 t DM ha.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 126 (MN)e0
- Outcome
- mean herbage yieldse1
- Value
- 6.3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“The mean herbage yields for the LN, MN and HN swards were 5.2, 6.3 and 6.2 (s.e. = 0.27) t DM ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean herbage yield of the high-nitrogen (180 kg N ha) swards was 6.2 t DM ha.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- 180 (HN)e0
- Outcome
- mean herbage yieldse1
- Value
- 6.2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“The mean herbage yields for the LN, MN and HN swards were 5.2, 6.3 and 6.2 (s.e. = 0.27) t DM ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen treatment had no carryover effect on the yield of a subsequent regrowth.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- nitrogen treatmente1
- Outcome
- yield of a subsequent 22‐day regrowthe1
- Direction
- no carryover effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbage from the primary regrowth of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards received either 72 (LN), 126 (MN) or 180 (HN) kg N ha”
e1“there was no carryover effect of nitrogen treatment on the yield of a subsequent 22‐day regrowth”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.