Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and visual quality of weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) ‘Danielle’ in relation to different shading conditions (reductions of 50, 58, 66, 80 and 86% of the incident irradiation outside of the greenhouse). The increase of shading from 50 to 86% resulted in a reduction of the daily growth rate of approximately 42%; this reduction was proportional in both the shoots and roots. Shading, modifying certain biometric characteristics of the canopy (e.g. internode length, first-order insertion angle on the main stem, leaf number and unit leaf area), affected the visual quality of the plants. In particular the more-shaded plants (86%) exhibited a more open canopy and thus a reduced foliage density (19% compared to the 50% shaded plants). This reduction was mainly related to the modification of the insertion angle of first-ordered branches, which increased from 38.6° to 46.4° as the shading level increased. Additionally, the highest shading level (86%) resulted in a greater unit leaf area that compensated for the reduction of the leaf number (40%) in terms of the total leaf area. Furthermore, the highest shading level positively influenced certain parameters, such as the plant shape (lower height/width ratio) and leaf characteristics (greater unit area, flat stereometry and dark green colour), which are important parameters in determining the visual quality of ornamental foliage plants. Our results showed that the choice of shading level for weeping fig production could consider besides the effects on growth and indoor acclimatisation, also those on plants visual quality responding to defined market requirements.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing shading from 50 to 86% reduced daily growth rate by approximately 42%, proportionally in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- weeping fig
Ficus benjaminat0 - Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- shading from 50 to 86%e0
- Outcome
- daily growth ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- approximately 42%e0
- Comparator
- 50e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“The increase of shading from 50 to 86% resulted in a reduction of the daily growth rate of approximately 42%; this reduction was proportional in both the shoots and roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading modified canopy biometric characteristics and affected visual quality.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- visual qualitye0
- Qualifier
- modifying certain biometric characteristics of the canopye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“Shading, modifying certain biometric characteristics of the canopy (e.g. internode length, first-order insertion angle on the main stem, leaf number and unit leaf area), affected the visual quality of the plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 86% shading exhibited a more open canopy.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- 86%e0
- Outcome
- more open canopye0
- Comparator
- 50% shaded plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“In particular the more-shaded plants (86%) exhibited a more open canopy and thus a reduced foliage density (19% compared to the 50% shaded plants).”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliage density at 86% shading was reduced by 19% relative to 50% shading.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- 86%e0
- Outcome
- foliage densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- 50% shaded plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“In particular the more-shaded plants (86%) exhibited a more open canopy and thus a reduced foliage density (19% compared to the 50% shaded plants).”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced foliage density was mainly related to modification of first-order branch insertion angle.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Organ / stage
- first-ordered branchese0
- Outcome
- foliage densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- modification of the insertion anglee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“a reduced foliage density (19% compared to the 50% shaded plants). This reduction was mainly related to the modification of the insertion angle of first-ordered branches”
Claim · model-written summary
Branch insertion angle increased from 38.6° to 46.4° as shading increased.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Organ / stage
- first-ordered branchese0
- Treatment
- shading levele0
- Outcome
- insertion anglee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.6° to 46.4°e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“the insertion angle of first-ordered branches, which increased from 38.6° to 46.4° as the shading level increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shading level increased unit leaf area, compensating for leaf number loss in total leaf area.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- highest shading level (86%)e0
- Outcome
- unit leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- compensated for the reduction of the leaf number (40%) in terms of the total leaf areae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“Additionally, the highest shading level (86%) resulted in a greater unit leaf area that compensated for the reduction of the leaf number (40%) in terms of the total leaf area.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shading level reduced leaf number by 40%.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- highest shading level (86%)e0
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“Additionally, the highest shading level (86%) resulted in a greater unit leaf area that compensated for the reduction of the leaf number (40%) in terms of the total leaf area.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shading level lowered the plant height/width ratio.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- highest shading levele0
- Outcome
- height/width ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“Furthermore, the highest shading level positively influenced certain parameters, such as the plant shape (lower height/width ratio) and leaf characteristics (greater unit area, flat stereometry and dark green colour)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shading level favored flat leaf stereometry and dark green colour.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminat0
- Treatment
- highest shading levele0
- Outcome
- flat stereometry and dark green coloure0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“weeping fig”
e0“Furthermore, the highest shading level positively influenced certain parameters, such as the plant shape (lower height/width ratio) and leaf characteristics (greater unit area, flat stereometry and dark green colour)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading choices for weeping fig production could consider visual quality for market requirements alongside growth and indoor acclimatisation.
- Taxon
- weeping figFicus benjaminae0
- Outcome
- choice of shading levele0
- Qualifier
- plants visual quality responding to defined market requirementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results showed that the choice of shading level for weeping fig production could consider besides the effects on growth and indoor acclimatisation, also those on plants visual quality responding to defined market requirements.”
The same questions in other papers
shade · growth · Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
shade · quality: postharvest · Ficus benjamina (weeping fig)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.