Abstract
With increasing global water scarcity, water that is once diverted for agricultural production will be shifted to supply domestic and industrial sectors. Rice culture requires tremendous amount of water compared to other crops. Hence, there is a need to reduce water use in rice production. Several water saving technologies have been identified and developed depending on the availability of water and the stage of the rice production. During the land preparation period, large water losses were observed due to cracks formed after the fallow period. Straw mulching helped conserve moisture in the soil profile and reduced the mean crack width. It also reduced the soil saturation requirement but did not significantly reduce the amount of water input during land soaking. Shallow dry tillage formed soil aggregates which blocked the cracks and reduced total water input for land preparation by 31—34%. Other water saving techniques may be employed during the land preparation stage such as good field channels, good bund management. Rice crop is established either by transplanting (conventional way) or by dry seeding (DS) or wet seeding (WS). Studies in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysia showed that land preparation duration was significantly reduced in DS and WS compared with TP, resulting to reduced total water input (rainfall and irrigation) before crop establishment. However, during the crop growth period in the main field, TP had a significantly shorter crop growth duration and lower total water input than DS and WS. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), which is a method of irrigation where water is allowed to dry before the next irrigation, can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water input by as much as 35% without yield penalty. This technology employs a field water tube which is used to monitor the water level below the soil surface. When the soil dries, and the water level reaches 15 cm below the soil surface, then it is time to irrigate. This threshold level will not cause water stress to the plant and it is also called as “Safe AWD”. Chlorophyll meter based N-management can also be used under AWD conditions. With further decrease in water availability, aerobic rice technology may be employed. Aerobic rice, a production system in rice, is grown in well-drained, non-puddled, and non-saturated soils. With appropriate management, the system aims for yields of at least 4-6 tons per hectare. Compared with flooded lowland rice, aerobic rice requires 30-50% less water. Dissemination of AWD and other water saving technologies is ongoing in many Asian countries such as the Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. Adoption of water saving technologies is increasing in the irrigated ecosystems in the Asian region.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulching conserved soil moisture.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- moisture in the soil profilee0
- Direction
- conservee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw mulching helped conserve moisture in the soil profile and reduced the mean crack width.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulching reduced mean soil crack width.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- mean crack widthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw mulching helped conserve moisture in the soil profile and reduced the mean crack width.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulching reduced soil saturation requirements.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Straw mulchinge1
- Outcome
- soil saturation requiremente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also reduced the soil saturation requirement but did not significantly reduce the amount of water input during land soaking.”
e1“Straw mulching helped conserve moisture in the soil profile and reduced the mean crack width.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulching did not significantly reduce land soaking water input.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Straw mulchinge1
- Outcome
- amount of water input during land soakinge0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also reduced the soil saturation requirement but did not significantly reduce the amount of water input during land soaking.”
e1“Straw mulching helped conserve moisture in the soil profile and reduced the mean crack width.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow dry tillage blocked cracks through soil aggregates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Shallow dry tillagee0
- Outcome
- blocked the crackse0
- Qualifier
- formed soil aggregatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallow dry tillage formed soil aggregates which blocked the cracks and reduced total water input for land preparation by 31—34%.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow dry tillage cut land preparation water input by 31—34%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Shallow dry tillagee0
- Outcome
- total water input for land preparatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31—34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shallow dry tillage formed soil aggregates which blocked the cracks and reduced total water input for land preparation by 31—34%.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry and wet seeding shortened land preparation duration relative to transplanting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DS and WSe0
- Outcome
- land preparation duratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- TPe0
- Setting
- Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysia showed that land preparation duration was significantly reduced in DS and WS compared with TP, resulting to reduced total water input (rainfall and irrigation) before crop establishment.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry and wet seeding reduced pre establishment total water input relative to transplanting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DS and WSe0
- Outcome
- total water input (rainfall and irrigation) before crop establishmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- TPe0
- Setting
- Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Malaysia showed that land preparation duration was significantly reduced in DS and WS compared with TP, resulting to reduced total water input (rainfall and irrigation) before crop establishment.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanting had shorter crop growth duration than dry and wet seeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TPe0
- Outcome
- crop growth duratione0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- DS and WSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, during the crop growth period in the main field, TP had a significantly shorter crop growth duration and lower total water input than DS and WS.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanting used less water during crop growth than dry and wet seeding.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, during the crop growth period in the main field, TP had a significantly shorter crop growth duration and lower total water input than DS and WS.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and drying cut irrigation input by as much as 35%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD)e0
- Outcome
- amount of irrigation water inpute0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), which is a method of irrigation where water is allowed to dry before the next irrigation, can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water input by as much as 35% without yield penalty.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and drying had no yield penalty.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- without yield penaltye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), which is a method of irrigation where water is allowed to dry before the next irrigation, can significantly reduce the amount of irrigation water input by as much as 35% without yield penalty.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15 cm safe AWD threshold did not cause plant water stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- water stresse0
- Qualifier
- 15 cm below the soil surfacee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This threshold level will not cause water stress to the plant and it is also called as “Safe AWD”.”
e1“When the soil dries, and the water level reaches 15 cm below the soil surface, then it is time to irrigate.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerobic rice requires 30-50% less water than flooded lowland rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- aerobic ricee0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 30-50%e0
- Comparator
- flooded lowland ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with flooded lowland rice, aerobic rice requires 30-50% less water.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adoption of water saving technologies is increasing in irrigated Asian ecosystems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Adoption of water saving technologiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Setting
- Asian regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of water saving technologies is increasing in the irrigated ecosystems in the Asian region.”
t0“rice”
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