Abstract
The toxicities of four classes of insecticides, emamectin benzoate (avermectin), chlorfenapyr (pyrrole), fipronil (phenylpyrazole), and tebufenozide (benzoylhydrazide) were compared using an artificial diet assay and a residual efficacy assay against several species of Lepidoptera. Emamectin benzoate was consistently the most toxic insecticide; it was 20- to 64,240-times more toxic than the other compounds tested. The LC90 values for emamectin benzoate ranged from 0.0050 to 0.0218 ug/ml for six species of Lepidoptera. Similarly, chlorfenapyr displayed consistent toxicity to all species, with LC90 values ranging from 1.9 to 4.6 ug/ml. The toxicities of fipronil and tebufenozide varied among the species tested. Fipronil LC90 values varied 501-fold (range, 0.64 to 321.3 ug/ml), while tebufenozide toxicity varied 113-fold (range, 0.24 to 27.1 ug/ml) among species tested. In residual efficacy tests conducted in the glasshouse, all compounds were effective (i.e., >90% mortality) at controlling Heliothis virescens on garbanzo bean at projected field rates and at 1/10 of projected field rates with fipronil and emamectin benzoate. Emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and tebufenozide were effective at controlling Spodoptera exigua on sugar beet at projected field rates. However, mortality with fipronil was reduced to 20% or less at 7 to 14 days after treatment. All compounds at projected field use rates were effective against Trichoplusia ni on cabbage, although tebufenozide was the only compound effective at 1/10 of projected field rate for 14 days after treatment. However, tebufenozide was ineffective against Plutella xylostella at projected field use rates on cabbage while emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, and fipronil were effective. The potential of these compounds for arthropod pest management are discussed.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
All four insecticides controlled Heliothis virescens on garbanzo bean at field rates.
- Taxon
- garbanzo beane0
- Treatment
- all compoundse0
- Interactor
- Heliothis virescens
Heliothis virescense0pest - Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Value
- >90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all compounds were effective (i.e., >90% mortality) at controlling Heliothis virescens on garbanzo bean at projected field rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fipronil controlled Heliothis virescens at one-tenth field rate.
- Taxon
- garbanzo beant0
- Treatment
- fipronile0
- Interactor
- Heliothis virescensHeliothis virescenst1pest
- Outcome
- effectivet1
- Direction
- effectivet1
- Value
- 1/10 of projected field ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 1/10 of projected field rates with fipronil and emamectin benzoate.”
t0“garbanzo bean”
t1“all compounds were effective (i.e., >90% mortality) at controlling Heliothis virescens on garbanzo bean at projected field rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate controlled Heliothis virescens at one-tenth field rate.
- Taxon
- garbanzo beant0
- Treatment
- emamectin benzoatee0
- Interactor
- Heliothis virescensHeliothis virescenst1pest
- Outcome
- effectivet1
- Direction
- effectivet1
- Value
- 1/10 of projected field ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 1/10 of projected field rates with fipronil and emamectin benzoate.”
t0“garbanzo bean”
t1“all compounds were effective (i.e., >90% mortality) at controlling Heliothis virescens on garbanzo bean at projected field rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and tebufenozide controlled Spodoptera exigua on sugar beet at field rates.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0 - Treatment
- Emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and tebufenozidee0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exigua
Spodoptera exiguae0pest - Outcome
- controlling Spodoptera exiguae0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and tebufenozide were effective at controlling Spodoptera exigua on sugar beet at projected field rates.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fipronil mortality against Spodoptera exigua fell to 20% or less after 7 to 14 days.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- fipronile0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exiguaSpodoptera exiguat1pest
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20% or lesse0
- Qualifier
- 7 to 14 days after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mortality with fipronil was reduced to 20% or less at 7 to 14 days after treatment.”
t0“sugar beet”
t1“effective at controlling Spodoptera exigua on sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
All compounds controlled Trichoplusia ni on cabbage at field rates.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Treatment
- All compounds at projected field use ratese0
- Interactor
- Trichoplusia ni
Trichoplusia nie0pest - Outcome
- effective against Trichoplusia nie0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All compounds at projected field use rates were effective against Trichoplusia ni on cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Tebufenozide alone controlled Trichoplusia ni at one-tenth field rate for 14 days.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- tebufenozidee0
- Interactor
- Trichoplusia niTrichoplusia nit1pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Value
- 1/10 of projected field ratee0
- Qualifier
- 14 days after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tebufenozide was the only compound effective at 1/10 of projected field rate for 14 days after treatment.”
t0“Trichoplusia ni on cabbage”
t1“effective against Trichoplusia ni on cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Tebufenozide was ineffective against Plutella xylostella on cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- tebufenozidee0
- Interactor
- Plutella xylostella
Plutella xylostellae0pest - Outcome
- ineffective against Plutella xylostellae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tebufenozide was ineffective against Plutella xylostella at projected field use rates on cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and fipronil controlled Plutella xylostella on cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, and fipronile0
- Interactor
- Plutella xylostellaPlutella xylostellat1pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, and fipronil were effective.”
t0“on cabbage while emamectin benzoate”
t1“tebufenozide was ineffective against Plutella xylostella at projected field use rates on cabbage while emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, and fipronil were effective.”
The same questions in other papers
tebufenozide · Trichoplusia ni · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fipronil · Plutella xylostella · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
chlorfenapyr · Plutella xylostella · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
emamectin benzoate · Plutella xylostella · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
11 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.