Abstract
Xanthium sibiricum, an annual weed, unexpectedly and dramatically occupied the exposed drawdown area after water had been impounded for the first time in the newly created Three Gorges Reservoir in China. In order to explain this phenomenon and establish an appropriate management strategy, the effects of constant submersion on seed viability and germination of X. sibiricum were investigated at two constant temperature regimes (25°C and 30°C) under artificial laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the seeds of X. sibiricum exhibited a high level of tolerance of submersion and up to 99% of seeds were viable in each treatment regime. The effect of submersion on germination was not obvious at 25°C until the submersion was prolonged for 180 days, while at 30°C the eventual germination rate of X. sibiricum, even after submergence for only one day, was significantly improved. The speed of germination was also consistently accelerated by prolonged periods of submersion. The proportion of seeds that germinated in all treatments combined was less that 56% due to seed dimorphism, thereby providing a seed bank. We conclude that the interaction between long-term winter flooding and high temperature in summer is the major reason that X. sibiricum was able to occupy the newly exposed drawdown area in the absence of competition. These findings provided further insight into how germination strategy and reservoir water-management regime contributed to this dramatic species outbreak.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 99% of seeds remained viable under each submersion regime.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricum
Xanthium sibiricumt0 - Treatment
- submersione0
- Outcome
- seeds were viablee0
- Value
- up to 99%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeds of X. sibiricum exhibited a high level of tolerance of submersion and up to 99% of seeds were viable in each treatment regime”
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25°C, submersion did not obviously affect germination until 180 days.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricumXanthium sibiricumt0
- Treatment
- submersione0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- not obviouse0
- Qualifier
- 25°C until the submersion was prolonged for 180 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
e0“The effect of submersion on germination was not obvious at 25°C until the submersion was prolonged for 180 days”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30°C, one day of submergence significantly improved eventual germination rate.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricumXanthium sibiricumt0
- Treatment
- submergence for only one daye0
- Outcome
- eventual germination rate of X. sibiricume0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 30°Ce0
Not reportedComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
e0“at 30°C the eventual germination rate of X. sibiricum, even after submergence for only one day, was significantly improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer submersion consistently accelerated germination.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricumXanthium sibiricumt0
- Treatment
- prolonged periods of submersione0
- Outcome
- speed of germinatione0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
e0“The speed of germination was also consistently accelerated by prolonged periods of submersion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 56% of seeds germinated across treatments, providing a seed bank.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricumXanthium sibiricumt0
- Outcome
- proportion of seeds that germinatede0
- Value
- less that 56%e0
- Qualifier
- due to seed dimorphisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
e0“The proportion of seeds that germinated in all treatments combined was less that 56% due to seed dimorphism, thereby providing a seed bank.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude winter flooding and summer heat drove colonization of the exposed area without competition.
- Taxon
- Xanthium sibiricumXanthium sibiricumt0
- Outcome
- occupy the newly exposed drawdown areae0
- Qualifier
- interaction between long-term winter flooding and high temperature in summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Xanthium sibiricum”
e0“the interaction between long-term winter flooding and high temperature in summer is the major reason that X. sibiricum was able to occupy the newly exposed drawdown area in the absence of competition”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · growth · Xanthium sibiricumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.