Abstract
Abstract Two rootstocks of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), the salt‐tolerant ‘Degania‐113’ and the salt‐sensitive ‘Smith’, and two rootstocks of citrus, the salt‐tolerant ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan) and the salt‐sensitive ‘Troyer’ citrange (Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), were grown in a sandy soil and irrigated daily with nutrient solutions containing various chloride concentrations. Increasing the concentration of chloride resulted in elevated chloride levels in all avocado plant parts, and toxic symptoms that were more pronounced in the ‘Smith’ than in the ‘Degania‐113’ avocado rootstock. When leaves of both rootstocks had accumulated similar chloride levels and showed scorching damage, the leaves of ‘Degania‐113’ abscised, while those of ‘Smith’ did not. High chloride reduced the total dry matter yield of the root more than that of the shoot, decreasing the “root: shoot”; dry weight ratio in both rootstocks. Addition of nitrate to the irrigation water reduced chloride accumulation in the plant and alleviated its adverse effects. Accumulation of nitrogen in the plant exceeded that of chloride in all cases. High nitrate reduced phosphorus levels in the plant and caused chlorosis in young leaves. High chloride partially reversed this effect. Citrus rootstocks responded similarly, but leaves of the chloride‐sensitive ‘Troyer’ accumulated more chloride than ‘Cleopatra’. High chloride resulted in scorching damage in the leaves and branches of ‘Troyer’, but not in ‘Cleopatra’. Nitrate reduced chloride accumulation and toxic symptoms as well as boron levels in the leaves. The results of this study suggests that water containing high chloride levels may be used to irrigate avocado and citrus orchards, provided that nitrate is supplied continuously at a molar concentration equivalent to half that of chloride. Our results also suggest that a nitrate supplement applied to citrus will reduce the undesirable uptake of boron. The difference in mode of resistance to chloride between avocado and citrus rootstocks is discussed.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride elevated chloride in all avocado plant parts.
- Taxon
- avocado
Persea americanae0 - Treatment
- Increasing the concentration of chloridee0
- Outcome
- chloride levels in all avocado plant partse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the concentration of chloride resulted in elevated chloride levels in all avocado plant parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride produced more pronounced toxicity symptoms in Smith than Degania 113 avocado.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanae0
- Material
- ‘Smith’e0
- Treatment
- chloridee1
- Outcome
- toxic symptomse0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- ‘Degania‐113’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“toxic symptoms that were more pronounced in the ‘Smith’ than in the ‘Degania‐113’ avocado rootstock.”
e1“Increasing the concentration of chloride resulted in elevated chloride levels in all avocado plant parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Degania 113 avocado leaves abscised after chloride scorching while Smith leaves did not.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Material
- ‘Degania‐113’e0
- Outcome
- leaves of ‘Degania‐113’ abscisede0
- Comparator
- ‘Smith’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaves of ‘Degania‐113’ abscised, while those of ‘Smith’ did not.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride reduced avocado root dry matter yield more than shoot yield.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- High chloridee0
- Outcome
- total dry matter yield of the roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High chloride reduced the total dry matter yield of the root more than that of the shoot”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride decreased avocado root to shoot dry weight ratio.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- “root: shoot”; dry weight ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing the “root: shoot”; dry weight ratio in both rootstocks.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Added nitrate reduced chloride accumulation in avocado.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- Addition of nitrate to the irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- chloride accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of nitrate to the irrigation water reduced chloride accumulation in the plant”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Added nitrate alleviated chloride adverse effects in avocado.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- Addition of nitrate to the irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- adverse effectse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of nitrate to the irrigation water reduced chloride accumulation in the plant and alleviated its adverse effects.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen accumulation exceeded chloride accumulation in avocado.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of nitrogene0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Comparator
- chloridee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of nitrogen in the plant exceeded that of chloride in all cases.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrate reduced plant phosphorus levels.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- High nitratee0
- Outcome
- phosphorus levels in the plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High nitrate reduced phosphorus levels in the plant”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrate caused chlorosis in young leaves.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- High nitratee0
- Outcome
- chlorosis in young leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High nitrate reduced phosphorus levels in the plant and caused chlorosis in young leaves.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride partially reversed nitrate induced chlorosis.
- Taxon
- avocadoPersea americanat0
- Treatment
- High chloridee0
- Outcome
- partially reversed this effecte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High chloride partially reversed this effect.”
t0“avocado”
Claim · model-written summary
Troyer citrus leaves accumulated more chloride than Cleopatra leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of the chloride‐sensitive ‘Troyer’ accumulated more chloride than ‘Cleopatra’.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
High chloride scorched Troyer citrus leaves and branches but not Cleopatra.
- Material
- ‘Troyer’e0
- Treatment
- High chloridee0
- Outcome
- scorching damage in the leaves and branchese0
- Comparator
- ‘Cleopatra’e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High chloride resulted in scorching damage in the leaves and branches of ‘Troyer’, but not in ‘Cleopatra’.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reduced citrus chloride accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reduced chloride accumulation and toxic symptoms as well as boron levels in the leaves.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reduced citrus toxic symptoms.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reduced chloride accumulation and toxic symptoms as well as boron levels in the leaves.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reduced boron levels in citrus leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate reduced chloride accumulation and toxic symptoms as well as boron levels in the leaves.”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest continuous nitrate at half the molar chloride concentration to irrigate avocado and citrus with high chloride water.
- Taxon
- avocado and citrus
CitrusPersea americanae0 - Outcome
- nitrate is supplied continuously at a molar concentration equivalent to half that of chloridee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water containing high chloride levels may be used to irrigate avocado and citrus orchards, provided that nitrate is supplied continuously at a molar concentration equivalent to half that of chloride.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nitrate supplementation to reduce undesirable boron uptake in citrus.
- Outcome
- nitrate supplement applied to citrus will reduce the undesirable uptake of borone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a nitrate supplement applied to citrus will reduce the undesirable uptake of boron.”
The same questions in other papers
chloride · molecular: metabolites · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
chloride · yield · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
nitrogen · physiology: pigments · Persea americana (avocado)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
nitrogen · disease · CitrusPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · CitrusPositive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · CitrusPositive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: content · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Persea americana (avocado)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.