Abstract
Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants. The rolABC genes ( rolA + rolB + rolC ), derived from the bacteria Agrobacterium rhizogenes , have been shown to increase the rooting potential of other difficult-to-root woody plants. We inserted the rolABC genes into somatic embryos of a `Paradox' hybrid ( J. hindsii × J. regia ) clone PX1 using the A. tumefaciens gene transfer system. A transgenic sub-clone, designated PX1 rolABC 2-2 was selected and compared to the untransformed clone for a variety of phenotypic characteristics, including rooting potential. Transformed and untransformed shoots were budded onto seedling J. regia rootstock in the greenhouse and established in the field. Transformed trees displayed reduced internode length, an increase in lateral branching, and wrinkled leaves. In another test, a commercial persian walnut cultivar J. regia `Chandler' was grafted onto rooted cuttings of both the untransformed and transformed plants. The presence of the rolABC genes in the rootstock had no visible effects on the grafted scion. Several of these trees were excavated from the field and the root systems of each genotype were examined for root number, diameter, and biomass. Trees with the rolABC rootstock had significantly more small diameter roots compared to the controls and less recovered biomass. Tests of the rooting potential of leafy semi-hardwood cuttings for two years resulted in 14% to 59% rooting of the transformed cuttings compared to 51% to 81% rooting of the control. Both transformed hardwood cuttings and microshoots in tissue culture also rooted significantly less (52% and 29% respectively) than untransformed hardwood cuttings and tissue cultured shoots (82% and 54% respectively). Thus, although the rolABC genes induced a shorter internode length and a more fibrous root system (typical of rol -tranformed plants), they were not useful for increasing the rooting potential, and as rootstock they did not affect the phenotype of the scion.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
rolABC transformation reduced internode length in walnut trees
JuglansOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e7“We inserted the rolABC genes into somatic embryos”
e1“Transformed trees displayed reduced internode length, an increase in lateral branching, and wrinkled leaves”
e2“compared to the untransformed clone for a variety of phenotypic characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
rolABC transformation increased lateral branching in walnut trees
- Treatment
- rolABC genese7
- Outcome
- lateral branchinge1
- Direction
- an increasee1
- Comparator
- untransformed clonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e7“We inserted the rolABC genes into somatic embryos”
e1“Transformed trees displayed reduced internode length, an increase in lateral branching, and wrinkled leaves”
e2“compared to the untransformed clone for a variety of phenotypic characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
rolABC transformation caused wrinkled leaves in walnut trees
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e7“We inserted the rolABC genes into somatic embryos”
e1“Transformed trees displayed reduced internode length, an increase in lateral branching, and wrinkled leaves”
e2“compared to the untransformed clone for a variety of phenotypic characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
The rolABC genes in the rootstock had no visible effect on the grafted scion
- Treatment
- The presence of the rolABC genes in the rootstocke2
- Outcome
- visible effects on the grafted scione2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e2“The presence of the rolABC genes in the rootstock had no visible effects on the grafted scion”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees with the rolABC rootstock had significantly more small diameter roots than controls
- Treatment
- rolABC rootstocke3
- Outcome
- small diameter rootse3
- Direction
- significantly moree3
- Comparator
- the controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e3“Trees with the rolABC rootstock had significantly more small diameter roots compared to the controls and less recovered biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees with the rolABC rootstock had less recovered biomass than controls
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e3“Trees with the rolABC rootstock had significantly more small diameter roots compared to the controls and less recovered biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Leafy semi-hardwood cuttings of transformed walnut rooted at 14% to 59%, lower than 51% to 81% for controls
- Treatment
- transformed cuttingse4
- Outcome
- rootinge4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 14% to 59%e4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e4“Tests of the rooting potential of leafy semi-hardwood cuttings for two years resulted in 14% to 59% rooting of the transformed cuttings compared to 51% to 81% rooting of the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Transformed hardwood cuttings of walnut rooted significantly less than untransformed hardwood cuttings
- Treatment
- transformed hardwood cuttingse5
- Outcome
- rootede5
- Direction
- significantly lesse5
- Value
- 52%e5
- Qualifier
- 82%e5
- Comparator
- untransformed hardwood cuttingse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e5“Both transformed hardwood cuttings and microshoots in tissue culture also rooted significantly less (52% and 29% respectively) than untransformed hardwood cuttings and tissue cultured shoots (82% and 54% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microshoots in tissue culture rooted significantly less than tissue cultured shoots
- Treatment
- microshoots in tissue culturee5
- Outcome
- rootede5
- Direction
- significantly lesse5
- Value
- 29%e5
- Qualifier
- 54%e5
- Comparator
- tissue cultured shootse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e5“Both transformed hardwood cuttings and microshoots in tissue culture also rooted significantly less (52% and 29% respectively) than untransformed hardwood cuttings and tissue cultured shoots (82% and 54% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
rolABC genes were not useful for increasing the rooting potential of the walnut rootstock
- Treatment
- rolABC genese7
- Outcome
- rooting potentiale6
- Direction
- not useful for increasinge6
- Comparator
- untransformed clonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Walnuts ( Juglans spp.) are difficult-to-root woody plants”
e7“We inserted the rolABC genes into somatic embryos”
e6“they were not useful for increasing the rooting potential”
e2“compared to the untransformed clone for a variety of phenotypic characteristics”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.