Abstract
The timing of sprays in relation to the stage of development of wheat plants and larvae of the wheat-bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Pall.), was studied in the laboratory and field. The main growth of young wheat plants was of the centre shoot and such plants died when the centre shoot meristems were destroyed. Older plants survived by growth of lateral shoots. Sprays of dimethoate, trichloronate and thionazin applied before the larvae had emerged did not kill many larvae in the soil, and only insecticide that entered the plants was effective. Severely attacked two-leaf plants yielded little, whether sprayed or not, whereas three-leaf plants sprayed in early March gave a worth-while increase in yield: older plants had enough shoots to give moderate yields even when not sprayed. In a large field trial, plants from two sowing dates, 22nd October and 1st November, were both at the late two-leaf stage of growth in late February. Wheat-bulb fly larvae had entered nearly all the shoots but plants from both sowings had buds or small lateral growths hidden beneath the outer leaves. The yields of October-sown plots sprayed on 22nd February, 2nd March, 9th March or 16th March were 28·2, 28·8, 25·5 and 23·2 cwt. grain per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 18.9 cwt./acre) and of November-sown plots were 31·0, 27·5, 17·9 and 14·9 cwt. per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 116 cwt. per acre). Sprays had most effect when applied soon after larvae had entered the plants. Spraying severely-attacked late two-leaf to three-leaf plants gave the greatest benefits because these plants recovered by growth of lateral buds or small lateral shoots.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Young wheat plants died after centre shoot meristems were destroyed.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- centre shoot meristemse0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- plants diede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“such plants died when the centre shoot meristems were destroyed”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Older wheat plants survived through lateral shoot growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- lateral shootse0
- Outcome
- survived by growth of lateral shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Older plants survived by growth of lateral shoots”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence dimethoate sprays killed few wheat-bulb fly larvae in soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dimethoatee0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- larvae in the soile0
- Direction
- did not kill manye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays of dimethoate, trichloronate and thionazin applied before the larvae had emerged did not kill many larvae in the soil”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence trichloronate sprays killed few wheat-bulb fly larvae in soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- trichloronatee0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- larvae in the soile0
- Direction
- did not kill manye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays of dimethoate, trichloronate and thionazin applied before the larvae had emerged did not kill many larvae in the soil”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence thionazin sprays killed few wheat-bulb fly larvae in soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- thionazine0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- larvae in the soile0
- Direction
- did not kill manye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays of dimethoate, trichloronate and thionazin applied before the larvae had emerged did not kill many larvae in the soil”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Only insecticide entering wheat plants was effective against the fly.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- insecticide that entered the plantse0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only insecticide that entered the plants was effective”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Severely attacked two-leaf wheat plants yielded little whether sprayed or not.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- two-leaf plantse0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielded littlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severely attacked two-leaf plants yielded little, whether sprayed or not”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed three-leaf wheat plants had a worthwhile yield increase in early March.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- three-leaf plantse0
- Treatment
- sprayed in early Marche0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three-leaf plants sprayed in early March gave a worth-while increase in yield”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Older wheat plants gave moderate yields without sprays.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- moderate yieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“older plants had enough shoots to give moderate yields even when not sprayed”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat-bulb fly larvae entered nearly all wheat shoots at the late two-leaf stage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Wheat-bulb flye0pest
- Outcome
- larvae had entered nearly all the shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat-bulb fly larvae had entered nearly all the shoots”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both sowings retained hidden buds or small lateral growths despite fly infestation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- buds or small lateral growths hidden beneath the outer leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants from both sowings had buds or small lateral growths hidden beneath the outer leaves”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
October-sown wheat sprayed on 22 February yielded 28.2 cwt grain per acre versus 18.9 unsprayed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprayed on 22nd Februarye0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 28·2e0
- Qualifier
- 18.9 cwt./acree0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“October-sown plots sprayed on 22nd February, 2nd March, 9th March or 16th March were 28·2, 28·8, 25·5 and 23·2 cwt. grain per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 18.9 cwt./acre)”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
October-sown wheat sprayed on 2 March yielded 28.8 cwt grain per acre versus 18.9 unsprayed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2nd Marche0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 28·8e0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“October-sown plots sprayed on 22nd February, 2nd March, 9th March or 16th March were 28·2, 28·8, 25·5 and 23·2 cwt. grain per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 18.9 cwt./acre)”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
October-sown wheat sprayed on 9 March yielded 25.5 cwt grain per acre versus 18.9 unsprayed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 9th Marche0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 25·5e0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“October-sown plots sprayed on 22nd February, 2nd March, 9th March or 16th March were 28·2, 28·8, 25·5 and 23·2 cwt. grain per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 18.9 cwt./acre)”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
October-sown wheat sprayed on 16 March yielded 23.2 cwt grain per acre versus 18.9 unsprayed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 16th Marche0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 23·2 cwt. grain per acree0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“October-sown plots sprayed on 22nd February, 2nd March, 9th March or 16th March were 28·2, 28·8, 25·5 and 23·2 cwt. grain per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 18.9 cwt./acre)”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
November-sown wheat sprayed on 22 February yielded 31.0 cwt per acre versus 116 unsprayed, as reported.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Value
- 31·0e0
- Comparator
- unsprayed plotse0
Not reportedTreatmentDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“November-sown plots were 31·0, 27·5, 17·9 and 14·9 cwt. per acre, respectively, (yield of unsprayed plots = 116 cwt. per acre)”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
November-sown wheat sprayed on 2 March yielded 27.5 cwt per acre.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- cwt. per acree0
- Value
- 27·5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“November-sown plots were 31·0, 27·5, 17·9 and 14·9 cwt. per acre”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
November-sown wheat sprayed on 9 March yielded 17.9 cwt per acre.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- cwt. per acree0
- Value
- 17·9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“November-sown plots were 31·0, 27·5, 17·9 and 14·9 cwt. per acre”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
November-sown wheat sprayed on 16 March yielded 14.9 cwt per acre.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- cwt. per acree0
- Value
- 14·9 cwt. per acree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“November-sown plots were 31·0, 27·5, 17·9 and 14·9 cwt. per acre”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays had greatest effect soon after wheat-bulb fly larvae entered plants.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sprayse0
- Interactor
- wheat-bulb flyt1pest
- Outcome
- most effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays had most effect when applied soon after larvae had entered the plants”
t0“wheat”
t1“wheat-bulb fly”
The same questions in other papers
Thionazin · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
dimethoate · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
794 papers in the same direction as this paper · 75 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
873 papers more in this group
See all 877 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.