Abstract
Based on the ability of phytosiderophores to chelate other heavy metals besides iron (Fe), phytosiderophores were suggested to prevent graminaceous plants from cadmium (Cd) toxicity. To assess interactions between Cd and phytosiderophore-mediated Fe acquisition, maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply. Exposure to Cd decreased uptake rates of 59Fe(III)-phytosiderophores and enhanced the expression of the Fe-phytosiderophore transporter gene ZmYS1 in roots as well as the release of the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from roots under Fe deficiency. However, DMA hardly mobilized Cd from soil or from a Cd-loaded resin in comparison to the synthetic chelators diaminetriaminepentaacetic acid and HEDTA. While nano-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry revealed the formation of an intact Cd(II)-DMA complex in aqueous solutions, competition studies with Fe(III) and zinc(II) showed that the formed Cd(II)-DMA complex was weak. Unlike HEDTA, DMA did not protect yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells from Cd toxicity but improved yeast growth in the presence of Cd when yeast cells expressed ZmYS1. When supplied with Fe-DMA as a Fe source, transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S-ZmYS1 gene construct showed less growth depression than wild-type plants in response to Cd. These results indicate that inhibition of ZmYS1-mediated Fe-DMA transport by Cd is not related to Cd-DMA complex formation and that Cd-induced phytosiderophore release cannot protect maize plants from Cd toxicity. Instead, phytosiderophore-mediated Fe acquisition can improve Fe uptake in the presence of Cd and thereby provides an advantage under Cd stress relative to Fe acquisition via ferrous Fe.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure decreased uptake rates of 59Fe(III)-phytosiderophores in maize.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to Cd decreased uptake rates of 59Fe(III)-phytosiderophores”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure enhanced root ZmYS1 expression in maize under iron deficiency.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Exposure to Cde1
- Gene
- ZmYS1e0
- Outcome
- expression of the Fe-phytosiderophore transporter gene ZmYS1e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the expression of the Fe-phytosiderophore transporter gene ZmYS1 in roots”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
e1“Exposure to Cd decreased uptake rates of 59Fe(III)-phytosiderophores and enhanced the expression of the Fe-phytosiderophore transporter gene ZmYS1 in roots as well as the release of the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from roots under Fe deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exposure enhanced DMA release from maize roots under Fe deficiency.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Exposure to Cde1
- Outcome
- release of the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- under Fe deficiencye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the release of the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from roots under Fe deficiency”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
e1“Exposure to Cd decreased uptake rates of 59Fe(III)-phytosiderophores and enhanced the expression of the Fe-phytosiderophore transporter gene ZmYS1 in roots as well as the release of the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) from roots under Fe deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA hardly mobilized Cd from soil or resin relative to synthetic chelators.
- Outcome
- mobilized Cd from soil or from a Cd-loaded resine0
- Direction
- hardlye0
- Comparator
- synthetic chelators diaminetriaminepentaacetic acid and HEDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DMA hardly mobilized Cd from soil or from a Cd-loaded resin in comparison to the synthetic chelators diaminetriaminepentaacetic acid and HEDTA”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
Claim · model-written summary
An intact Cd(II)-DMA complex formed in aqueous solution.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“formation of an intact Cd(II)-DMA complex in aqueous solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Competition with Fe(III) and zinc(II) showed that the Cd(II)-DMA complex was weak.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“competition studies with Fe(III) and zinc(II) showed that the formed Cd(II)-DMA complex was weak”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA did not protect yeast cells against Cd toxicity, unlike HEDTA.
- Taxon
- yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Saccharomyces cerevisiaee0 - Treatment
- DMAe0
- Outcome
- protect yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells from Cd toxicitye0
- Direction
- did not protecte0
- Comparator
- HEDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Unlike HEDTA, DMA did not protect yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells from Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
DMA improved growth of Cd-exposed yeast expressing ZmYS1.
- Taxon
- yeaste0
- Treatment
- DMAe1
- Gene
- ZmYS1e0
- Outcome
- yeast growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of Cde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“improved yeast growth in the presence of Cd when yeast cells expressed ZmYS1”
e2“Unlike HEDTA, DMA did not protect yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells from Cd toxicity but improved yeast growth in the presence of Cd when yeast cells expressed ZmYS1”
e1“Unlike HEDTA, DMA did not protect yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells from Cd toxicity but improved yeast growth in the presence of Cd when yeast cells expressed ZmYS1”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing 35S-ZmYS1 showed less Cd-induced growth depression than wild type when Fe-DMA supplied iron.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Material
- transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plantse0
- Treatment
- Cde0
- Gene
- 35S-ZmYS1e0
- Outcome
- growth depressione0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S-ZmYS1 gene construct showed less growth depression than wild-type plants in response to Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude Cd inhibition of ZmYS1-mediated transport is unrelated to Cd-DMA complex formation.
- Gene
- ZmYS1e0
- Outcome
- inhibition of ZmYS1-mediated Fe-DMA transporte0
- Qualifier
- not related to Cd-DMA complex formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of ZmYS1-mediated Fe-DMA transport by Cd is not related to Cd-DMA complex formation”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude Cd-induced phytosiderophore release cannot protect maize from Cd toxicity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd-induced phytosiderophore release cannot protect maize plants from Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytosiderophore-mediated Fe acquisition can improve uptake under Cd and confer an advantage over ferrous Fe acquisition.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytosiderophore-mediated Fe acquisition can improve Fe uptake in the presence of Cd and thereby provides an advantage under Cd stress relative to Fe acquisition via ferrous Fe”
e2“maize (Zea mays) plants were grown hydroponically under limiting Fe supply”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
39 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.