Abstract
Abstract Amaranthus retroflexus L . is an importunate annual weed in many cropping systems of different countries. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal nitrogen and drought stress on the seed dormancy and germinability of A. retroflexus . Field experiment was carried out in a factorial based on randomized complete block design, with four potential levels of soil water (–2, −6, −8 and −10 bar) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg/ha). The germination characteristics of the seeds were measured at three different times (1 month, 6 months and 1 year after harvesting). Results showed that drought stress had positive effects on breaking of A. retroflexus seed dormancy until 6 months after seed harvesting. Seeds that were developed under severe water stress exhibited the highest germination percentage and germination rate. The results obtained from this study revealed that application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen during seed development increases germinability of A. retroflexus , whereas application of 200 kg/ha nitrogen induced seed dormancy. Furthermore, 100 kg/ha nitrogen application in the field along with 200 ppm gibberellic‐acid treatment during seed after‐ripening showed the highest germination percentage and germination rate for seeds after 6 months harvesting. Results also indicated that after‐ripening significantly increased seed germination and germination rate of A. retroflexus . These findings indicate that long‐term management of the soil seed bank in this species requires more stringent control due to the changes in germination timing, as detected in this study.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal drought broke seed dormancy until six months after harvest.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexust0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- seed dormancye0
- Direction
- breakinge0
- Qualifier
- until 6 months after seed harvestinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress had positive effects on breaking of A. retroflexus seed dormancy until 6 months after seed harvesting”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress produced the highest seed germination percentage and rate.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- germination percentage and germination ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds that were developed under severe water stress exhibited the highest germination percentage and germination rate”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal 100 kg/ha nitrogen increased germinability.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- 100 kg/ha nitrogene0
- Outcome
- germinabilitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen during seed development increases germinability of A. retroflexus”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal 200 kg/ha nitrogen induced seed dormancy.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- 200 kg/ha nitrogene0
- Outcome
- seed dormancye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 200 kg/ha nitrogen induced seed dormancy”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nitrogen and gibberellic acid gave the highest germination percentage and rate after six months.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- 100 kg/ha nitrogen application in the field along with 200 ppm gibberellic‐acid treatmente0
- Outcome
- germination percentage and germination ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100 kg/ha nitrogen application in the field along with 200 ppm gibberellic‐acid treatment during seed after‐ripening showed the highest germination percentage and germination rate for seeds after 6 months harvesting”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
After-ripening significantly increased germination and germination rate.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexust0
- Treatment
- after‐ripeninge0
- Outcome
- seed germination and germination ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after‐ripening significantly increased seed germination and germination rate of A. retroflexus”
t0“Amaranthus retroflexus”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · growth · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
drought · growth · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.