Abstract
Many insect and disease problems occur in specific plant canopy locations and cannot be managed with systemic pesticides. Diseases such as Asian soybean rust (ASR) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) infect plant material deep inside a canopy that is difficult to target. Field studies were established in north central Ohio to determine the effect of different application strategies on targeting of foliar pesticide in narrow-row (18 cm) soybean plantings. Several different application factors were tested, including spray quality, nozzle type, air-assistance, and spray volume. In 2005, the spray mix included a fungicide used for ARS management. In 2006, in addition to the fungicide, an insecticide for soybean aphid management was included. Plant samples were removed from each test plot, and stems and leaves from the bottom third and middle third of the plant were separated for individual analysis. Overall, there was significantly less active ingredient found in the lower third of the canopies than the middle third, and significantly less pesticide residue was found on stems than leaves from the same canopy location. Significantly more fungicide residue was found on lower leaves treated by the medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzle in 2005 than the coarse-quality XR8005 flat-fan nozzle. There were no differences in fungicide residue found on middle canopy leaves between the fine, medium, and coarse quality flat-fan nozzles. The twin-fan pattern nozzles (Turbo Duo and TwinJet) produced the lowest amounts of fungicide residue on the lower leaves in 2005. The mechanical canopy opener produced significantly higher fungicide residues on middle canopy leaves than all other treatments. The Jacto air-assist sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzles produced the highest fungicide residues on lower canopy leaves in 2005. There were some statistical differences between the amounts of fungicide and insecticide residue found on plant tissue in 2006 because of the high amount of variability in the sample data. Overall in 2006, the higher volume XR8004 treatment (187 L ha-1) and the twin-fan TTJ60-11003 treatment at 145 L ha-1 performed similar to the Jacto sprayer making applications at 145 L ha-1 using either flat-fan or hollow-cone nozzles. In general, higher volume applications produced higher amounts of fungicide and insecticide residue on leaves from the middle of the canopy for conventional flat-fan and air-assist applications. Spray volume had less affect on residues measured on leaves from the lower canopy area. Across two years of different canopies at the same spray volume (145 L ha-1), the Jacto sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzles produced more fungicide residue on middle canopy stems and lower canopy leaves than the medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzle.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Lower canopies had less active ingredient than middle canopies.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- lower third of the canopiese0
- Outcome
- active ingrediente0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- middle thirde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was significantly less active ingredient found in the lower third of the canopies than the middle third”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems had less pesticide residue than leaves at the same canopy location.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Outcome
- pesticide residuee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly less pesticide residue was found on stems than leaves from the same canopy location”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
XR8004 deposited more fungicide on lower leaves than XR8005 in 2005.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- lower leavese0
- Treatment
- medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzlee0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- coarse-quality XR8005 flat-fan nozzlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly more fungicide residue was found on lower leaves treated by the medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzle in 2005 than the coarse-quality XR8005 flat-fan nozzle.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Flat-fan nozzle quality did not change fungicide residue on middle canopy leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fine, medium, and coarse quality flat-fan nozzlese0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuee0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- fine, medium, and coarse quality flat-fan nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no differences in fungicide residue found on middle canopy leaves between the fine, medium, and coarse quality flat-fan nozzles.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Twin-fan nozzles gave the lowest fungicide deposition on lower leaves in 2005.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Turbo Duo and TwinJete0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- twin-fan pattern nozzlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The twin-fan pattern nozzles (Turbo Duo and TwinJet) produced the lowest amounts of fungicide residue on the lower leaves in 2005.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
A mechanical canopy opener increased fungicide on middle canopy leaves versus all other treatments.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- mechanical canopy openere0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mechanical canopy opener produced significantly higher fungicide residues on middle canopy leaves than all other treatments.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Jacto air-assist JA3 deposited the most fungicide on lower leaves in 2005.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Jacto air-assist sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzlese0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2005e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Jacto air-assist sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzles produced the highest fungicide residues on lower canopy leaves in 2005.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and insecticide residue differed statistically in 2006 amid high variability.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- amounts of fungicide and insecticide residuee0
- Direction
- statistical differencese0
- Qualifier
- high amount of variability in the sample datae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were some statistical differences between the amounts of fungicide and insecticide residue found on plant tissue in 2006 because of the high amount of variability in the sample data.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
XR8004 at 187 L ha-1 performed similarly to Jacto at 145 L ha-1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher volume XR8004 treatment (187 L ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- performed similare0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- Jacto sprayer making applications at 145 L ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher volume XR8004 treatment (187 L ha-1) and the twin-fan TTJ60-11003 treatment at 145 L ha-1 performed similar to the Jacto sprayer making applications at 145 L ha-1 using either flat-fan or hollow-cone nozzles.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
TTJ60-11003 at 145 L ha-1 performed similarly to Jacto at 145 L ha-1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- twin-fan TTJ60-11003 treatment at 145 L ha-1e0
- Outcome
- performed similare0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- Jacto sprayer making applications at 145 L ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher volume XR8004 treatment (187 L ha-1) and the twin-fan TTJ60-11003 treatment at 145 L ha-1 performed similar to the Jacto sprayer making applications at 145 L ha-1 using either flat-fan or hollow-cone nozzles.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher spray volume raised fungicide and insecticide residue on middle canopy leaves.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- higher volume applicationse0
- Outcome
- fungicide and insecticide residuee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher volume applications produced higher amounts of fungicide and insecticide residue on leaves from the middle of the canopy for conventional flat-fan and air-assist applications.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray volume had less effect on lower-canopy leaf residues.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Spray volumee0
- Outcome
- residues measured on leaves from the lower canopy areae0
- Direction
- less affecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray volume had less affect on residues measured on leaves from the lower canopy area.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Jacto JA3 deposited more fungicide on middle stems and lower leaves than XR8004 at 145 L ha-1 across two years.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Jacto sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzlese0
- Outcome
- fungicide residuee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- same spray volume (145 L ha-1)e0
- Comparator
- medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across two years of different canopies at the same spray volume (145 L ha-1), the Jacto sprayer using JA3 hollow-cone nozzles produced more fungicide residue on middle canopy stems and lower canopy leaves than the medium-quality XR8004 flat-fan nozzle.”
t0“Soybean Canopy”
The same questions in other papers
in vitro · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.