Abstract
The effect of fertilizer N on the remobilization of N to the grain in wheat was evaluated on a duplex soil at East Beverley, Western Australia. Remobilization of N to the grain was determined using the stable isotope, 15N , which was fed to wheat plants during the vegetative growth phase. Nitrogen was applied at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 with half being applied at seeding and the remainder at 35 days after sowing (DAS), before the onset of tillering. The high N treatment increased N uptake between stem elongation and anthesis and grain protein concentration by 2.9% relative to the low N treatment. Both the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) declined as the rate of N application was increased; the decline was more pronounced when the rate of N application was increased from 30 to 60 kg N ha-1. Total grain N at 60 kg N ha-1 was increased by 54%, relative to that at 15 kg N ha-1, due to a 2.3 fold increase in remobilization of pre-anthesis accumulated N and despite a 5 fold reduction in post-anthesis uptake. The application of 60 kg N ha-1 reduced the losses of pre-anthesis N from 19% to 6%. The absolute contribution of the N taken up early in the growth of the crop (before the second node stage) to grain N was 0.9, 1.4 and 3.2 g m-2 at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 respectively. The contribution of pre-anthesis N to the grain was 2.2, 3.7 and 5.1 g m-2 when 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-' were applied respectively. This contribution accounted for 60, 82 and 95% of the total grain N respectively. Results indicated that with greater amounts of N accumulated before anthesis, there was higher remobilization to the grain and less risk of net N losses at maturity, because post-anthesis water deficits developed more rapidly.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
High N increased uptake between stem elongation and anthesis.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- high N treatmente0
- Outcome
- N uptake between stem elongation and anthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- low N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high N treatment increased N uptake between stem elongation and anthesis and grain protein concentration by 2.9% relative to the low N treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High N raised grain protein concentration by 2.9% relative to low N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high N treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.9%e0
- Comparator
- low N treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high N treatment increased N uptake between stem elongation and anthesis and grain protein concentration by 2.9% relative to the low N treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen harvest index declined as N application rate increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rate of N application was increasede0
- Outcome
- nitrogen harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) declined as the rate of N application was increased”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen utilization efficiency declined as N application rate increased.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rate of N application was increasede0
- Outcome
- nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) declined as the rate of N application was increased”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Total grain N at 60 kg N ha-1 rose 54% relative to 15 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- Total grain Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 54%e0
- Comparator
- 15 kg N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total grain N at 60 kg N ha-1 was increased by 54%, relative to that at 15 kg N ha-1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Remobilization of accumulated pre-anthesis N increased 2.3 fold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- remobilization of pre-anthesis accumulated Ne0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.3 folde0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“due to a 2.3 fold increase in remobilization of pre-anthesis accumulated N”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis uptake decreased fivefold at the high N rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- post-anthesis uptakee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 5 folde0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite a 5 fold reduction in post-anthesis uptake”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 60 kg N ha-1 reduced pre-anthesis N losses from 19% to 6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- losses of pre-anthesis Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 60 kg N ha-1 reduced the losses of pre-anthesis N from 19% to 6%”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early N uptake contributed 0.9, 1.4 and 3.2 g m-2 to grain N at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- absolute contribution of the N taken up early in the growth of the crop (before the second node stage) to grain Ne0
- Value
- 0.9, 1.4 and 3.2 g m-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absolute contribution of the N taken up early in the growth of the crop (before the second node stage) to grain N was 0.9, 1.4 and 3.2 g m-2 at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-anthesis N contributed 2.2, 3.7 and 5.1 g m-2 to grain at increasing N rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- contribution of pre-anthesis N to the graine0
- Value
- 2.2, 3.7 and 5.1 g m-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contribution of pre-anthesis N to the grain was 2.2, 3.7 and 5.1 g m-2 when 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-' were applied respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The pre-anthesis contribution accounted for 60, 82 and 95% of grain N at increasing rates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total grain Ne0
- Value
- 60, 82 and 95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This contribution accounted for 60, 82 and 95% of the total grain N respectively”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater pre-anthesis N accumulation was associated with higher grain remobilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- greater amounts of N accumulated before anthesise0
- Outcome
- remobilization to the graine0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with greater amounts of N accumulated before anthesis, there was higher remobilization to the grain”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater pre-anthesis N accumulation was associated with less net N loss risk at maturity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- greater amounts of N accumulated before anthesise0
- Outcome
- risk of net N losses at maturitye0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with greater amounts of N accumulated before anthesis, there was higher remobilization to the grain and less risk of net N losses at maturity”
t0“wheat”
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