Abstract
Fatuoid, steriloid, and subfatuoid oats and speltoid, compactoid, and subnormal wheats arise by mutation which in most cases can clearly be shown to be a chromosome aberration. In all three segregation-types of speltoids, Series α, β, and γ, deficiency is definitely established. It ranges from the whole of one particular chromosome, designated C, down to a segment of C too small to be established microscopically, with certainty, at metaphase but still determinable genetically as a deficiency and not a single gene mutation. In the oat mutants there are similar deficiencies but the range apparently extends below the present limit of both cytological and genetic determination. At this point it naturally cannot yet definitely be differentiated from gene mutation, though no evidence favors the latter alternative. In compactoid and subnormal wheats duplication of the whole C chromosome or of its major arm is involved. Natural crossing, particularly between wild and cultivated oats, complicates the problems and is of practical agricultural significance. A distinction can, however, almost invariably be drawn between such hybrids and the mutants. The origin of the mutants and their survival and peculiar genetic behavior are all bound up with the polyploid nature of cultivated oats and wheat. This particularly affects the viability of deficient gametes. The frequency with which different types of gametes are formed is determined by meiotic behavior, which is dependent upon the particular aberrant constitution or the mutant in question; the decree of deficiency or duplication in the gametes affects their selective functioning. All these factors, together with the usual differential between ovules and pollen in the functioning of aberrant gametes, determine the diverse segregation ratios that may be obtained from phenotypically similar mutants.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fatuoid, steriloid, speltoid, compactoid and subnormal mutants arise by mutation that in most cases is a chromosome aberration.
Verbatim
t0“MUTATIONS IN POLYPLOID CEREALS”
e1“Fatuoid, steriloid, and subfatuoid oats and speltoid, compactoid, and subnormal wheats arise by mutation which in most cases can clearly be shown to be a chromosome aberration”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficiency is definitely established in all three speltoid segregation types, Series alpha, beta and gamma, of wheat.
TriticumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fatuoid, steriloid, and subfatuoid oats and speltoid, compactoid, and subnormal wheats arise by mutation which in most cases can clearly be shown to be a chromosome aberration”
e2“In all three segregation-types of speltoids, Series α, β, and γ, deficiency is definitely established”
Claim · model-written summary
In speltoid wheat, the deficiency ranges from a whole chromosome C down to a segment too small to be seen microscopically.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fatuoid, steriloid, and subfatuoid oats and speltoid, compactoid, and subnormal wheats arise by mutation which in most cases can clearly be shown to be a chromosome aberration”
e3“It ranges from the whole of one particular chromosome, designated C, down to a segment of C too small to be established microscopically, with certainty, at metaphase but still determinable genetically as a deficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
In oat mutants the deficiencies are similar, and their range apparently extends below the limit of cytological and genetic determination.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae4 - Outcome
- similar deficienciese4
- Qualifier
- apparentlye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In the oat mutants there are similar deficiencies but the range apparently extends below the present limit of both cytological and genetic determination”
Claim · model-written summary
In compactoid and subnormal wheats, duplication of the whole C chromosome or of its major arm is involved.
- Outcome
- duplication of the whole C chromosome or of its major arme5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In compactoid and subnormal wheats duplication of the whole C chromosome or of its major arm is involved”
Claim · model-written summary
A distinction can almost invariably be drawn between hybrids from natural crossing of wild and cultivated oats and the mutants.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae7
- Outcome
- distinction can, however, almost invariably be drawn between such hybrids and the mutantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“A distinction can, however, almost invariably be drawn between such hybrids and the mutants”
e7“Natural crossing, particularly between wild and cultivated oats, complicates the problems”
Claim · model-written summary
Meiotic behavior of the polyploid cereals determines the diverse segregation ratios obtained from mutants.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats and wheatAvena sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- segregation ratiose2
- Qualifier
- meiotic behaviore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The origin of the mutants and their survival and peculiar genetic behavior are all bound up with the polyploid nature of cultivated oats and wheat”
e1“The frequency with which different types of gametes are formed is determined by meiotic behavior”
e2“determine the diverse segregation ratios that may be obtained from phenotypically similar mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
The polyploid nature of cultivated oats and wheat particularly affects the viability of deficient gametes.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats and wheatAvena sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- viability of deficient gametese1
- Qualifier
- polyploid naturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The origin of the mutants and their survival and peculiar genetic behavior are all bound up with the polyploid nature of cultivated oats and wheat”
e1“This particularly affects the viability of deficient gametes”