Abstract
The survival of cereal crops during winter depends primarily on the ability of tissue in the crown to withstand various stresses encountered during freezing. Freeze‐induced damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated by sectioning plants at various stages of recovery after they had been grown and frozen under controlled conditions. Our results confirmed those reported for barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) that the apical meristem was apparently the tissue in the crown most tolerant of freezing. Photographs of sections during recovery provided evidence that the apical meristem within the crown survived freezing in plants that were rated as nonsurvivors. Closer examination revealed abnormal nuclei in many cells of plants that had been frozen. These cells with condensed and dark red chromatin resembled the description of nuclear pycnosis found in mammalian cells damaged by radiation, extreme abiotic stress, and various carcinogens. The crown meristem complex was separated from the crown and fractionated into two regions: the upper portion of the crown meristem complex, called the apical region, and the lower portion called the crown core. The dry weight of both the apical region and crown core increased during cold‐hardening but the increase in dry weight was higher in the crown core than in the apical region. During cold‐hardening the percentage of total water freezing at −2°C became lower and after 3 wk was 50 and 47% in the apical region and the crown core, respectively. The initial freezing rate of the apical region was higher than that of the crown core and reached equilibrium about 2 h earlier than the crown core. Differences are discussed in relation to the freezing survival of specific tissue.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The apical meristem was the crown tissue most tolerant of freezing in oat, as in barley and wheat.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Organ / stage
- apical meristeme1
- Outcome
- most tolerant of freezinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e1“Our results confirmed those reported for barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) that the apical meristem was apparently the tissue in the crown most tolerant of freezing”
Claim · model-written summary
The apical meristem within the crown survived freezing in plants rated as nonsurvivors.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- apical meristem within the crowne2
- Outcome
- survived freezinge2
- Qualifier
- in plants that were rated as nonsurvivorse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e2“Photographs of sections during recovery provided evidence that the apical meristem within the crown survived freezing in plants that were rated as nonsurvivors”
Claim · model-written summary
Abnormal nuclei occurred in many cells of frozen oat plants.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Treatment
- frozene3
- Outcome
- abnormal nucleie3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e3“Closer examination revealed abnormal nuclei in many cells of plants that had been frozen”
Claim · model-written summary
Cells with condensed and dark red chromatin resembled nuclear pycnosis in frozen oat crowns.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- condensed and dark red chromatine4
- Qualifier
- resembled the description of nuclear pycnosise4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e4“These cells with condensed and dark red chromatin resembled the description of nuclear pycnosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight of the apical region and crown core increased during cold hardening.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- apical region and crown coree5
- Treatment
- cold‐hardeninge5
- Outcome
- dry weighte5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e5“The dry weight of both the apical region and crown core increased during cold‐hardening”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in dry weight during cold hardening was higher in the crown core than in the apical region.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- crown coree6
- Outcome
- increase in dry weighte6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- apical regione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e6“but the increase in dry weight was higher in the crown core than in the apical region”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage of total water freezing at -2 °C became lower during cold hardening, at 50% in the apical region and 47% in the crown core after 3 weeks.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- apical region and the crown coree7
- Treatment
- cold‐hardeninge7
- Outcome
- percentage of total water freezinge7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Value
- 50 and 47%e7
- Qualifier
- after 3 wke7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e7“During cold‐hardening the percentage of total water freezing at −2°C became lower and after 3 wk was 50 and 47% in the apical region and the crown core, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The initial freezing rate was higher in the apical region than in the crown core.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- apical regione1
- Outcome
- initial freezing ratee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- crown coree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e1“The initial freezing rate of the apical region was higher than that of the crown core”
Claim · model-written summary
The apical region reached freezing equilibrium about 2 h earlier than the crown core.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- apical regione1
- Outcome
- reached equilibriume1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- about 2 he1
- Comparator
- crown coree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“damage to specific regions of oat ( Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated”
e1“The initial freezing rate of the apical region was higher than that of the crown core and reached equilibrium about 2 h earlier than the crown core”
The same questions in other papers
cold · growth · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.