Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting crop production in acidic soil, but the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance are poorly understood. Here, we report that two genes, STAR1 (for sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1) and STAR2, are responsible for Al tolerance in rice. STAR1 encodes a nucleotide binding domain, while STAR2 encodes a transmembrane domain, of a bacterial-type ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter. Disruption of either gene resulted in hypersensitivity to aluminum toxicity. Both STAR1 and STAR2 are expressed mainly in the roots and are specifically induced by Al exposure. Expression in onion epidermal cells, rice protoplasts, and yeast showed that STAR1 interacts with STAR2 to form a complex that localizes to the vesicle membranes of all root cells, except for those in the epidermal layer of the mature zone. When expressed together in Xenopus laevis oocytes, STAR1/2 shows efflux transport activity specific for UDP-glucose. Furthermore, addition of exogenous UDP-glucose rescued root growth in the star1 mutant exposed to Al. These results indicate that STAR1 and STAR2 form a complex that functions as an ABC transporter, which is required for detoxification of Al in rice. The ABC transporter transports UDP-glucose, which may be used to modify the cell wall.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
STAR1 and STAR2 are responsible for aluminum tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Gene
- STAR1e0
- Outcome
- Al tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two genes, STAR1 (for sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1) and STAR2, are responsible for Al tolerance in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
STAR1 encodes the nucleotide binding domain of a bacterial type ABC transporter.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- STAR1e0
- Outcome
- nucleotide binding domaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STAR1 encodes a nucleotide binding domain, while STAR2 encodes a transmembrane domain, of a bacterial-type ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
STAR2 encodes the transmembrane domain of the ABC transporter.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- STAR2e0
- Outcome
- transmembrane domaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STAR2 encodes a transmembrane domain, of a bacterial-type ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Disruption of either STAR gene caused aluminum hypersensitivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Disruption of either genee0
- Gene
- STAR1e1
- Outcome
- hypersensitivity to aluminum toxicitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disruption of either gene resulted in hypersensitivity to aluminum toxicity”
e1“two genes, STAR1 (for sensitive to Al rhizotoxicity1) and STAR2, are responsible for Al tolerance in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
STAR1 and STAR2 are mainly root expressed and induced by aluminum exposure.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- STAR1 and STAR2e0
- Outcome
- expressed mainly in the rootse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both STAR1 and STAR2 are expressed mainly in the roots and are specifically induced by Al exposure”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
STAR1 interacts with STAR2 in a vesicle membrane complex in root cells except mature epidermis.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- STAR1e0
- Outcome
- complex that localizes to the vesicle membranese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STAR1 interacts with STAR2 to form a complex that localizes to the vesicle membranes of all root cells, except for those in the epidermal layer of the mature zone”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexpressed STAR1/2 specifically exports UDP glucose in Xenopus oocytes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- STAR1/2e0
- Outcome
- efflux transport activity specific for UDP-glucosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When expressed together in Xenopus laevis oocytes, STAR1/2 shows efflux transport activity specific for UDP-glucose”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous UDP glucose rescued root growth in aluminum exposed star1 mutants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- star1 mutante0
- Treatment
- addition of exogenous UDP-glucosee0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of exogenous UDP-glucose rescued root growth in the star1 mutant exposed to Al”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The STAR1 and STAR2 complex functions as an ABC transporter required for aluminum detoxification in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- STAR1 and STAR2e0
- Outcome
- detoxification of Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STAR1 and STAR2 form a complex that functions as an ABC transporter, which is required for detoxification of Al in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Transported UDP glucose may modify the cell wall.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- UDP-glucosee0
- Outcome
- modify the cell walle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ABC transporter transports UDP-glucose, which may be used to modify the cell wall”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.