Abstract
Many biochemical approaches show functions of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction, but molecular genetic evidence linking defined CDPK genes with ABA-regulated biological functions at the whole-plant level has been lacking. Here, we report that ABA stimulated two homologous CDPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK4 and CPK11. Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 resulted in pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal movement and led to salt insensitivity in seed germination and decreased tolerance of seedlings to salt stress. Double mutants of the two CDPK genes had stronger ABA- and salt-responsive phenotypes than the single mutants. CPK4- or CPK11-overexpressing plants generally showed inverse ABA-related phenotypes relative to those of the loss-of-function mutants. Expression levels of many ABA-responsive genes were altered in the loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines. The CPK4 and CPK11 kinases both phosphorylated two ABA-responsive transcription factors, ABF1 and ABF4, in vitro, suggesting that the two kinases may regulate ABA signaling through these transcription factors. These data provide in planta genetic evidence for the involvement of CDPK/calcium in ABA signaling at the whole-plant level and show that CPK4 and CPK11 are two important positive regulators in CDPK/calcium-mediated ABA signaling pathways.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ABA stimulated the calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK4 and CPK11 in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- ABAe1
- Gene
- CPK4 and CPK11e1
- Outcome
- two homologous CDPKse1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e1“ABA stimulated two homologous CDPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK4 and CPK11”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 caused pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11e2
- Gene
- CPK4 and CPK11e2
- Outcome
- ABA-insensitive phenotypese2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e2“Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 resulted in pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal movement”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 led to salt insensitivity in seed germination.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11e2
- Outcome
- salt insensitivity in seed germinatione3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e2“Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 resulted in pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal movement”
e3“led to salt insensitivity in seed germination and decreased tolerance of seedlings to salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 decreased seedling tolerance to salt stress.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11e2
- Gene
- CPK4 and CPK11e2
- Outcome
- tolerance of seedlings to salt stresse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e2“Loss-of-function mutations of CPK4 and CPK11 resulted in pleiotropic ABA-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination, seedling growth, and stomatal movement”
e3“led to salt insensitivity in seed germination and decreased tolerance of seedlings to salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Double mutants of the two CDPK genes had stronger ABA- and salt-responsive phenotypes than single mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Double mutants of the two CDPK genese4
- Outcome
- ABA- and salt-responsive phenotypese4
- Direction
- strongere4
- Comparator
- the single mutantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e4“Double mutants of the two CDPK genes had stronger ABA- and salt-responsive phenotypes than the single mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK4- or CPK11-overexpressing plants showed inverse ABA-related phenotypes relative to loss-of-function mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CPK4- or CPK11-overexpressing plantse5
- Outcome
- ABA-related phenotypese5
- Direction
- inversee5
- Comparator
- the loss-of-function mutantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e5“CPK4- or CPK11-overexpressing plants generally showed inverse ABA-related phenotypes relative to those of the loss-of-function mutants”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression levels of many ABA-responsive genes were altered in the loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- the loss-of-function mutants and overexpression linese6
- Outcome
- Expression levels of many ABA-responsive genese6
- Direction
- alterede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e6“Expression levels of many ABA-responsive genes were altered in the loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK4 and CPK11 kinases phosphorylated the transcription factors ABF1 and ABF4 in vitro.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- ABF1 and ABF4e7
- Outcome
- phosphorylated two ABA-responsive transcription factorse7
- Setting
- in vitroe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e7“The CPK4 and CPK11 kinases both phosphorylated two ABA-responsive transcription factors, ABF1 and ABF4, in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK4 and CPK11 may regulate ABA signaling through these transcription factors.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- regulate ABA signalinge1
- Qualifier
- through these transcription factorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e1“suggesting that the two kinases may regulate ABA signaling through these transcription factors”
Claim · model-written summary
CPK4 and CPK11 are important positive regulators of ABA signaling pathways.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CPK4 and CPK11e1
- Outcome
- ABA signaling pathwayse1
- Qualifier
- important positive regulatorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Regulate Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction inArabidopsis”
e1“CPK4 and CPK11 are two important positive regulators in CDPK/calcium-mediated ABA signaling pathways”
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loss of function · disease · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
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