Abstract
The systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato leaves in response to wounding was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridine. The expression of several defense genes in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides, and methyl jasmonate also was inhibited by DPI. These genes, including those of four proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase, are expressed within 4 to 12 hr after wounding. However, DPI did not inhibit the wound-inducible expression of genes encoding prosystemin, lipoxygenase, and allene oxide synthase, which are associated with the octadecanoid signaling pathway and are expressed 0.5 to 2 hr after wounding. Accordingly, treatment of plants with the H(2)O(2)-generating enzyme glucose oxidase plus glucose resulted in the induction of only the later-expressed defensive genes and not the early-expressed signaling-related genes. H(2)O(2) was cytochemically detected in the cell walls of vascular parenchyma cells and spongy mesophyll cells within 4 hr after wounding of wild-type tomato leaves, but not earlier. The cumulative results suggest that active oxygen species are generated near cell walls of vascular bundle cells by oligogalacturonide fragments produced by wound-inducible polygalacturonase and that the resulting H(2)O(2) acts as a second messenger for the activation of defense genes in mesophyll cells. These data provide a rationale for the sequential, coordinated, and functional roles of systemin, jasmonic acid, oligogalacturonides, and H(2)O(2) signals for systemic signaling in tomato plants in response to wounding.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidase inhibitors blocked systemic hydrogen peroxide accumulation after wounding.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridinee0
- Outcome
- systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato leaves in response to wounding was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridine.”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidase inhibitors blocked systemic proteinase inhibitor accumulation after wounding.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridinee0
- Outcome
- proteinase inhibitor proteinse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The systemic accumulation of both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato leaves in response to wounding was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole, and pyridine.”
Claim · model-written summary
DPI inhibited defense gene expression in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides and methyl jasmonate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- DPIe0
- Outcome
- expression of several defense genese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of several defense genes in response to wounding, systemin, oligosaccharides, and methyl jasmonate also was inhibited by DPI.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Later defense genes were expressed 4 to 12 hours after wounding.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- four proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Value
- 4 to 12 hre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These genes, including those of four proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase, are expressed within 4 to 12 hr after wounding.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
DPI did not inhibit early wound inducible signaling genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- DPIe0
- Outcome
- wound-inducible expression of genes encoding prosystemin, lipoxygenase, and allene oxide synthasee0
- Direction
- did not inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DPI did not inhibit the wound-inducible expression of genes encoding prosystemin, lipoxygenase, and allene oxide synthase”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Early wound signaling genes were expressed 0.5 to 2 hours after wounding.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Value
- 0.5 to 2 hre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“are expressed 0.5 to 2 hr after wounding.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose oxidase plus glucose induced later defense genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glucose oxidase plus glucosee0
- Outcome
- later-expressed defensive genese0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of plants with the H(2)O(2)-generating enzyme glucose oxidase plus glucose resulted in the induction of only the later-expressed defensive genes and not the early-expressed signaling-related genes.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose oxidase plus glucose did not induce early signaling genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- glucose oxidase plus glucosee0
- Outcome
- early-expressed signaling-related genese0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of plants with the H(2)O(2)-generating enzyme glucose oxidase plus glucose resulted in the induction of only the later-expressed defensive genes and not the early-expressed signaling-related genes.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide was detected in vascular parenchyma and spongy mesophyll cell walls within four hours after wounding.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- cell walls of vascular parenchyma cells and spongy mesophyll cellse0
- Outcome
- H(2)O(2) was cytochemically detectede0
- Value
- 4 hre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H(2)O(2) was cytochemically detected in the cell walls of vascular parenchyma cells and spongy mesophyll cells within 4 hr after wounding of wild-type tomato leaves, but not earlier.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that wound produced oligogalacturonides generate active oxygen near vascular cell walls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- active oxygen species are generated near cell walls of vascular bundle cellse0
- Qualifier
- oligogalacturonide fragments produced by wound-inducible polygalacturonasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“active oxygen species are generated near cell walls of vascular bundle cells by oligogalacturonide fragments produced by wound-inducible polygalacturonase”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger activating mesophyll defense genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- activation of defense genes in mesophyll cellse0
- Qualifier
- H(2)O(2) acts as a second messengere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resulting H(2)O(2) acts as a second messenger for the activation of defense genes in mesophyll cells.”
t0“tomato”
The same questions in other papers
dibenziodolium · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
glucose · molecular: expression · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.